2018年英語中考歸納復(fù)習(xí)專題:介詞
【介詞】
介詞是一種虛詞,表示名詞、代詞等與其他詞的關(guān)系,不能單獨作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞、代詞或動名詞等作它的賓語(如果是人稱代詞,則要用賓格),介詞和它的賓語構(gòu)成介詞短語,在句中作狀語、表語或定語等。
【時間介詞】
1.at,in與on
介詞
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用法
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示例
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at
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表示在具體的某一時刻。
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at?10:00?a.m.在上午十點鐘
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表示在某個節(jié)日期間。
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at?the?Spring?Festival在春節(jié)
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用于固定搭配。
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at?noon/night在中午/晚上
at?the?end?of在……結(jié)尾
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in
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常與表示“一段時間”的時間名詞搭配(如世紀、月份、季節(jié)、年份)。
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in?December?在十二月
in?winter在冬天
in?2018?在2018年
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表示泛指的上下午、晚上、白天等。
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in?the?morning/afternoon/evening/daytime在早上/下午/晚上/白天
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“in+一段時間”表示“在……(多久)以后”,常與一般將來時連用。
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My?father?will?come?back?in?a?week.我爸爸將于一周后回來。
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用于固定搭配。
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in?the?future在將來
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on
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表示在具體的某日(日期或星期幾)。
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on?October?7th?在十月七日
on?Sunday?在星期天
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表示在某個特定的早上、下午、晚上。
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on?Monday?morning?在星期一早上
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表示在具體的節(jié)日當(dāng)天。
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on?National?Day在國慶節(jié)
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-
from,since與for
介詞
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含義
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用法
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例句
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from
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從……
起常
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與to構(gòu)成詞組from...to...,意為“從……到……”。
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He?goes?to?work?from?Monday?to?Friday.他周一到周五去上班。
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since
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自從
……
以來
?
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+具體的過去時間點
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常與現(xiàn)在
完成時連
用。
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I?have?lived?here?since?2010.自從2010年我就住在這兒了。
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+時間段+ago
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I?have?lived?here?since?three?years?ago.自從三年前我就住在這兒了。
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for
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歷時
……
之久
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+時間段
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She?has?taught?English?for?five?years.她教英語已經(jīng)五年了。
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注:“for+時間段”也可用于其他時態(tài)中。
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3.before與after
介詞
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含義
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用法
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例句
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before
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在……之前
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+時間點
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I’ll?arrive?in?Hangzhou?before?11:00?a.m.我將在上午十一點之前到達杭州。
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after
?
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在……之后
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+時間點,常與一般將來時連用
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She’ll?come?back?after?5:00?p.m.她將在下午五點后回來。
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+時間段,常與一般過去時連用
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He?came?back?from?London?after?a?week.一周后他從倫敦回來了。
?
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4.until,during與by
介詞
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含義
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用法
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例句
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until
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直到……為止
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用于肯定句(謂語動詞為延續(xù)性動詞)。
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He?waited?until?9:00?p.m.last?night.昨晚他一直等到九點鐘。
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直到……才
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用于否定句(謂語動詞為非延續(xù)性動詞)。
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I?didn’t?wake?up?until?10:00?a.m.我直到上午十點才醒來。
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during
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在……期間
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+時間段,強調(diào)時間的持續(xù)性。
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She?lived?with?us?during?these?years.這些年她和我們住在一起。
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by
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不遲于;在……之前。
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+將來時間點,常與一般將來時連用。
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It?will?be?cool?by?tomorrow?morning.到明天早上,天氣就會轉(zhuǎn)涼了
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+過去時間點,常與過去完成時連用。
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We?had?learned?about?1,000?words?by?the?end?of?last?term.到上學(xué)期末我們已學(xué)了約1000個單詞。
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?
?
【考點訓(xùn)練1】
1.China successfully hosted the Belt and Road Forum _____ May,2017. ( ???)
A.on ??????????????B.in ??????????????C.by ???????????????????D.at
2.We usually have the first class ___ 8:00 in the morning. ( ?????)
A.in ??????????????B.on ????????????C.at????????????????????D.from
3.More and more young people go skating _____ winter. ( ?????)
A.at ???????B.in ???????????????C.on ????????????????????D.to
4.I’ve had this mobile phone ___ three years. ( ?????)
A.by ?????????????B.from ?????????????C.for ??????????????????D.since
5.His grandfather has been ill ___ last year. ( ????)
A.for ????????????B.since ?????????????C.from ???????????????D.after
6.___ April 22nd,people around the world celebrate Earth Day in different ways. ( ?????)
A.In ?????????????B.At ???????????????C.On ??????????????D.For
【方位介詞】
1.at與in
介詞
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用法
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示例
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at
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表示地點時,多指較小的地方或某一點的具體位置(如學(xué)校、家等)。
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at?home在家
at?the?station在車站
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in
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表示地點時,多指較大的地方(如國家、城市等)。
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in?China在中國
in?Shanghai在上海
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2.in,on與to
介詞
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用法
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例句
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in
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表示在某一地區(qū)的某方位(在該范圍以內(nèi))。
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China?is?in?the?east?of?Asia.中國在亞洲東部。
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on
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表示與某地的相鄰關(guān)系(兩地接壤)。
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Hubei?is?on?the?north?of?Hunan.湖北在湖南的北邊。
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to
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表示在某一地區(qū)之外的某方位(不屬于該范圍)。
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Japan?is?to?the?east?of?China.日本在中國的東面。
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?
?
?
?
【圖解助記】
?
3.over,above,on,under與below
介詞
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含義
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例句
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over
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在……正上方(垂直,兩者不接觸)
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There?is?a?bridge?over?the?river.河上有一座橋。
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above
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在……的上方(不一定垂直,兩者不接觸)
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Raise?your?arms?above?your?head.把手臂舉過頭頂。
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on
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在……上面(兩者接觸)
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There?is?a?book?on?the?desk.桌子上有一本書。
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under
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在……正下方(垂直,兩者不接觸)
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My?football?is?under?the?chair.我的足球在椅子下面。
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below
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在……的下方(不一定垂直,兩者不接觸)
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He?dived?below?the?surface?of?the?water.他潛入了水中。
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【圖解助記】
?
4.其他方位介詞
near
在……附近
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next?to
在……旁邊,附近
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beside
在……旁邊
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under
在……下面
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behind
在……后面
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inside
在……里面
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outside
在……外面
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along
沿著
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across?from
在……對面
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【考點訓(xùn)練2】
1.—Where is Mary flying?
—She is flying to France soon.She will arrive ___ Paris on the morning of July 2. ( ?????)
A.to ??????????????B.at ????????????????C.in ?????????????????D.on
2.I can’t see Lucy because she is ___ the tree. ( ????)
A.in front of ???????????????????????????B.behind
C.next to ??????????????????????????????D.beside
3.Russia lies ___ the north of China. ( ????)
A.on ????????????B.to ??????????????????C.in ???????????????D.at
4.The workers will build a new railroad ___ the two cities. ( ?????)
A.among ???????B.in ????????????????C.between ???????D.at
5.—Oh,my God! I’ve left my keys in the room.I’ll have to get in ___ the window.
—It’s dangerous.You’d better wait for your dad to come back. ( ????)
A.past ????????????B.over ??????????C.across ???????????D.through
?
?
?
?
?
【方式介詞】
介詞
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用法
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例句
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by
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表示“以……方式、方法或手段”,常與表示交通工具的名詞連用。
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She?usually?goes?to?school?by?bike.她通常騎自行車去上學(xué)。
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with
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表示“用……工具、材料、身體的某一部分或器官”。
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People?often?eat?with?chopsticks?in?China.在中國人們通常用筷子吃飯。
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in
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表示“用……語言、語調(diào)、顏色等”。
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What’s?this?in?English?這個用英語怎么說?
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on
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表示“用網(wǎng)絡(luò)、電視、收音機、電話等”。
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They?talk?on?the?phone?every?day.他們每天在電話上交談。
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?
?
?
考點訓(xùn)練3】
用適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞浇樵~填空。
1.I learn English ___ keeping a diary ____ English.
2.Cut the orange ____ the knife.
3.My brother loves watching game shows ____ TV.
4.We can see ____ our eyes.
答案:by ?in ?with ??on ?with
【其他介詞】
介詞
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例句
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about?關(guān)于;對于
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Could?you?tell?me?about?your?life?你能告訴我關(guān)于你的生活嗎?
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from?從……;來自……;表示距離
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He?comes?from?America.他來自美國。
How?far?is?your?home?from?here?你家離這兒有多遠?
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with?與……一起;附有
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She?often?goes?shopping?with?her?mother.她經(jīng)常和媽媽一起購物。
I’d?like?a?house?with?a?garden.我想要一個帶花園的房子。
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without?沒有
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The?teacher?left?without?saying?a?word.那個老師一句話沒說就離開了。
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of?(屬于)……的
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Here?is?a?photo?of?my?family.這是我的一張全家福。
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for?對于;為了
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What?would?you?like?for?breakfast?你早餐想吃什么?
Let?me?do?it?for?you.讓我為你做這件事。
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to?向;到
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Do?you?know?the?way?to?the?zoo?你知道去動物園的路嗎?
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as?作為We?have?a?job?for?you?as?a?waiter.
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我們有一份服務(wù)員的工作提供給你。
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against?對抗;
反對;靠著
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Our?class?played?against?Class?Three?and?we?won.我們班和三班比賽并且贏了。
I?am?against?her?opinions.我不同意她的觀點。
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【考點訓(xùn)練4】
1.A person’s life is like a road ___ lots of difficulties.
( ?????)
A.by ?????????????B.with ???????????????C.along ????????????D.during
2.She often brings home many books to read ___ the library. ( ???)
A.from ?????????B.in ???????????????????C.for ????????????????D.by
3.Wild animals are our friends.We shouldn’t kill them ___ food or clothing. ( ????)
A.in ?????????????B.with ??????????????C.about ??????????????D.for
【介詞短語】
介詞作為虛詞,不能單獨使用,常與名詞等構(gòu)成介詞短語或與動詞等搭配使用。常見介詞搭配類型如下:
1.介詞+名詞
at noon/night在中午/晚上
at home在家 ???????????????????at school在學(xué)校
at work在工作 ?????????????????at the back of在……后面at the beginning of在……開始
at the end of在……結(jié)尾
at the foot of在……腳下 ??????????
at the same time同時as a result結(jié)果 ??????????????????
by bike/bus/car/train/plane騎自行車/乘公共汽車/小汽車/火車/飛機
by the end of到……結(jié)束時
by the way順便提一下
for example例如
in a hurry匆忙;急忙 ?????????????????????
?in all總共;總計
in a low/loud voice低/大聲地 ?????????
in a word總而言之in bed臥床 ???????????????????????????????????
in danger處于危險中in English用英語 ???????????????????????????in fact事實上
in hospital生病住院 ????????????????????
in (the) front of在……前面
in need在危難中
in one’s opinion在某人看來
in order井然有序
in person親自;親身
in public當(dāng)眾;公開地
in silence無聲地
in surprise驚奇地
in the day在白天
in the end最后
in the future在將來
in the hospital在醫(yī)院
in the middle在中間
in time及時
in trouble處于困境
in turn輪流
on business出差
on fire著火 ?????????????????????????????????????
on foot步行
on duty值日;值班
on time準時;按時
on sale在出售
on show展覽
on the left/right在左/右邊
on the one hand,on the other hand一方面……另一方面
on the phone/on TV通過電話/電視
on the way to在去……的路上
to one’s surprise令某人吃驚的是
with the help of在……的幫助下
2.be+形容詞+介詞
be afraid of害怕
be angry with對(某人)生氣
be born with天生具有
be busy with忙于……
be different from 與……不同
be excited about對……感到興奮
be famous for因……而聞名
be fond of喜歡
be full of/be filled with充滿……
be good at擅長于……
be good/bad for對……有好處/壞處
be good/nice/friendly/kind to sb.對某人友好
be good with善于應(yīng)付……的;對……有辦法
be harmful to對……有害
be helpful to對……有幫助
be interested in對……感興趣
be late for遲到
be made of/from由……制成
be popular with受……歡迎
be proud of為……感到自豪/驕傲
be responsible for對……有責(zé)任
be satisfied/pleased with對……感到滿意
be sorry for為……感到抱歉
be surprised at對……感到驚奇/詫異
be sure of/about確信;對……有把握
be strict with sb.對某人要求嚴格
be strict in sth.在某方面要求嚴格
be/get used to習(xí)慣于
be worried about擔(dān)心
3.動詞(+名詞/副詞)+介詞
ask sb. for...向某人要……
arrive at/in到達
agree with sb.同意某人的意見
argue with sb.和某人爭吵
care for照顧;關(guān)心
catch up with趕上
deal with處理;應(yīng)付
depend on信賴;依靠
do well in在……方面做得好
drop by/in順便拜訪
fall in love with愛上
help sb.with sth.幫助某人(做)某事
hand in上交
hear of/about聽說
hear from收到某人的來信
keep away from遠離
keep...from阻止
keep up with跟上
knock at敲(門)
knock into撞上
laugh at嘲笑
learn about了解
learn from向……學(xué)習(xí)
pay for付費;付出代價
pay attention to注意;關(guān)注
point at/to 指向;朝向
talk about談?wù)?/span>
talk to/with sb.和某人交談
wait for等待
worry about擔(dān)心
4.其他介詞短語
according to根據(jù)
after all畢竟;終究
ahead of在……前面
long with隨著
at first首先
at last最后
at once立刻
as for至于;關(guān)于
because of因為
in order to為了
instead of代替;而不是
such as例如
on one’s own獨自;獨立
thanks to幸虧;由于
together with和……一起
up to直到;多達
【考點訓(xùn)練5】
1.—My son has a hard time learning English.
—I advise you to talk with him ___ person. ( ????)
A.on ???????????????B.of ???????????????C.for ???????????????D.in
2._____ the No.48 bus driver,all the passengers were saved.The driver managed to stop the bus before he died. ( ?????)
A.Thanks to????????????????????????????B.According to
C.As for ?????????????????????????????????D.Instead of
3.Jenny’s uncle is a scientist.She is proud ___ him.
( ?????)
A.from ????????????????????????????????B.at
C.in ?????????????????????????????????????D.of
4.When James arrived at the railway station,he tried to look ___ a place to park his car. ( ????)
A.after ????????????B.at ?????????????C.up ?????????????????D.for
【考題熱身】
1.Many people like watching Chinese Poetry Conference(詩詞大會) ____ TV. ( ????)
A.in ????????????????????????????????????B.of
C.at ???????????????????????????????????D.on
2.A couple from Australia welcomed five healthy babies ___ January. ( ????)
A.at ???????????????????????????????????B.in
C.for ?????????????????????????????????D.on
3.Shirley is still waiting for her flight to New York City ___ the airport. ( ?????)
A.at?????????????????????????????????B.under
C.on ???????????????????????????????D.with
4.—Which is your new English teacher?
—The young lady ___ red over there. ( ????)
A.with ?????????????????????????????B.in
C.on ????????????????????????????????D.for
5.It’s very kind ___ you to lend me your reusable shopping bags. ( ????)
A.of ????????????????????????????????????B.for
C.to ????????????????????????????????????D.with
6.They arrived at the airport of Huangping ___ the morning of June 7th. ( ???)
A.in ????????????????????????????????????B.at
C.by ???????????????????????????????????D.on
7.—I’m thirsty.I’d like a glass of orange juice.What about you,Dad?
—I prefer a cup of coffee ___ nothing in it. ( ???)
A.with ???????????????????????????????B.without
C.for ?????????????????????????????????D.to
8.Your gloves should be made ___ leather,for they feel soft and smooth. ( ???)
A.in ????????????B.on ???????????C.for ?????????????????D.of
9.To my pleasure,my family is always ___ me whatever I decide to do. ( ?????)
A.above ??????????????????????????????B.behind
C.from ????????????????????????????????D.through
10.—______,there must be life on other planets though none has been discovered.
—I agree with you.The universe is so large after all.
( ????)
A.To my surprise ??????????????????B.To be honest
C.In my opinion ????????????????????D.Again and again
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