高一英語(yǔ)期末復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)
重點(diǎn)詞組：
1. fond of “喜愛，愛好” 接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。例如：
He’s fond of swimming. 他喜歡游泳。
Are you fond of fresh vegetables. 你喜歡新鮮蔬菜嗎?
2. hunt for = look for尋找
I have found the book I was hunting for.我找到了那本我在找的書。
hunt for a job 找工作
3. in order to, so as to 這兩個(gè)詞組都可引導(dǎo)不定式作目的狀語(yǔ), in order to可放于句首, so as to則不能, 其否定形式為in order not to / so as not to. 如:
He went to Beijing in order / so as to attend an important meeting.
In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us.為了讓我們注意他, 他朝我們又是叫喊又是揮手。
4. care about
1) 喜歡，對(duì)……有興趣 = care for
She doesn’t care about money.她不喜歡錢。
2）關(guān)心 = care for
She thinks only of herself. She doesn’t care about other people.她只考慮自己。她不關(guān)心別人。
3）在乎，在意（接從句或不接任何成分）
These young people care nothing about what old people might say.
這些年輕人根本不在乎老人說(shuō)的話。
5. such as 意為“諸如……”，“像……”，是用來(lái)列舉人或事物的。
She teaches three subjects, such as physics and chemistry.她教三門科目,像物理、化學(xué)。
6. drop * a line 留下便條, 寫封短信
7、make yourself at home 別客氣；隨便；無(wú)拘束
If you get to my house before I do, help yourself to a drink and make yourself at home.
如果你在我之前到我家，自己喝點(diǎn)飲料，隨便一點(diǎn)。
8、stay up 不睡；熬夜
I'll be late home, don't stay up for me.我將回家很晚，不要等我了。
9、come about 引起；發(fā)生；產(chǎn)生
How did the accident come about?這場(chǎng)事故是怎么發(fā)生的？
10、except for 除……之外
（1） except 與 except for 的用法常有區(qū)別。except 多用于引起同類事物中被排除的一項(xiàng)。如：
He answered all the questions except the last one.除去最后一個(gè)，他回答了所有問(wèn)題。
（2）except for 用于引述細(xì)節(jié)以修正句子的主要意思。如：
Except for one old lady, the bus was empty.除去一個(gè)老太太，這輛公共汽車全空了。
（3）但在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，except for也用于表示except的意思。如上述第一個(gè)例子可以是：
He answered all the questions except for the last one.
（4） 另外，在介詞短語(yǔ)之前只能用except，不能用except for。如：
We go to bed before ten, except in the summer.除了夏季，我們通常十點(diǎn)之前上床睡覺。
11、end up with 以……告終；以……結(jié)束
The party ended up with an English song.聚會(huì)以一首英文歌結(jié)束。
12、more or less 幾乎；差不多；大約；大概；大體上
I've more or less succeeded, but they haven't.我差不多成功了，而他們沒有。
13、bring in 引進(jìn)；引來(lái)；吸收
（1） We should bring in new technology.我們應(yīng)該引進(jìn)新技術(shù)。
（2） He brings in 800 dollars a month.他一個(gè)月掙八百美元。
14、get away（from） 逃離
The thieves got away from the shop with all our money.
小偷帶著我們所有的錢從商店逃跑了。
15、watch out （for）注意；留心
（1）Watch out! There is a car coming.小心！汽車來(lái)了。
（2）Watch out for the hole in the road.留神路上的那個(gè)坑。
16、see sb. off 給某人送行
Tomorrow I will see my friend off at the railway station.明天我到火車站給朋友送行。
17、on the other hand 另一方面（用以引出相互矛盾的觀點(diǎn)、意見等，常說(shuō)on the one hand …… on the other hand一方面……另一方面）
I know this job of mine isn't well paid, but on the other hand I don't have to work long hours.
我知道這份工作報(bào)酬不高，但從另一方面來(lái)說(shuō)，我也不必工作太長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
18、as well as * (sth)而且
He is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.
她不但是攝影師還是個(gè)天才的音樂(lè)家。
19、take place 發(fā)生 take one’s place 入座、站好位置、取得地位
take sb’s place 或take the place of * / sth代替、取代
The Olympic Games take place / are held every four years.
20、on fire 相當(dāng)于burning, 意為“燃燒；著火；起火”，有靜態(tài)的含意。Catch fire有動(dòng)態(tài)的含意。
Set… on fire / set fire to …用來(lái)表示“使……著火”、“放火燒……”。例如：
Look, the theatre is on fire! Let’s go and help.瞧，劇院著火了，咱們?nèi)兔然鸢伞?
21、on holiday 在度假，在休假中
When I was on holiday, I visited my uncle. 我在度假的時(shí)候去看望了叔叔。
holiday(holidays)一般指“休假”
Tom and I are going to have a holiday. 我和湯姆準(zhǔn)備去度假。
I've already had my holidays this year. 我今年已經(jīng)度過(guò)假了。
22、travel agency
A business that attends to the details of transportation, itinerary, and accommodations
for travelers. 旅行社一種為旅行者提供細(xì)致的運(yùn)輸、旅行和住宿方面服務(wù)的行業(yè)
Also called: travel bureau
23、take off
1)脫下(衣服等), 解(除)掉 He took off his wet shoes.他脫下了濕鞋子。
2）（飛機(jī)）起飛
The plane took off on time. It was a smooth take-off.飛機(jī)準(zhǔn)時(shí)起飛。起飛非常順利。
3）匆匆離開
The six men got into the car and took off for the park.這六個(gè)人上了車，匆匆離開去公園。
24. go wrong??v. 走錯(cuò)路, 誤入岐途, (機(jī)器等)發(fā)生故障
25. in all??adv. 總共
26. stay away v.外出
27. look up 查詢（如賓語(yǔ)為代詞，則代詞放中間）
Look up the word in the dictionary.在字典里查單詞。
相關(guān)詞組：look for 尋找；look after照顧，照料； look forward to期待；look into調(diào)查；
look on旁觀；look out注意；look out for注意，留心，提防；look over翻閱，查看，檢查；look around環(huán)視；look through翻閱，查看。
28、run after追逐，追求
If you run after two hares, you will catch neither.同時(shí)追兩只兔子，你一只也抓不到。
29、on the air廣播
We will be on the air in five minutes.我們五分鐘以后開始廣播。
30、think highly/well/much of對(duì)……評(píng)價(jià)很高, 贊賞, 對(duì)……印象好
He was highly thought of by the manager.經(jīng)理對(duì)他非常贊賞。
I think well of your suggestion.我覺得你的建議很好。
think badly/nothing/little/lowly of……認(rèn)為不好, 好……不在意, 不贊成, 覺得……不怎么樣
I don’t think much of him as a teacher.我覺得他作為一個(gè)老師不怎么樣。
31. leave out
1) 漏掉 You made a mistake—You’ve left out a letter “t”.你出錯(cuò)了—你漏掉了一個(gè)字母t.
2) 刪掉, 沒用 I haven’t changed or left out a thing.我沒有作出變動(dòng)也沒有刪掉任何東西。
32. stare at （由于好奇、激動(dòng)等張著嘴巴，睜大眼睛地）凝視，盯著看
Don’t stare at foreigners. It’s impolite.不要盯著外國(guó)人看，這樣不禮貌。
比較：glare at （to stare angrily at）怒視著
33. make jokes about 就……說(shuō)笑
They make jokes about my old hat.他們就我的舊帽子說(shuō)笑我。
have a joke with … about …跟某人開關(guān)于某事的玩笑。
He stopped to have a joke with me.他停下來(lái)跟我開玩笑。
play a joke on…開某人的玩笑
We played jokes on each other. 我們互相開玩笑。
v. joke about取笑
They joked about my broken English.他們?nèi)⌒ξ阴磕_的英.
45.take over??接管；接替；繼承
what is good and still useful should be taken over.好的有用的東西應(yīng)當(dāng)繼承。
46. break down
1) 破壞；拆散
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.
人體中的化學(xué)元素把食物分解成有用的物質(zhì)。
2)（機(jī)器）損壞 Our truck broke down outside town. 我們的卡車在城外拋錨了。
3) 失??；破裂 Their opposition broke down.他們的反對(duì)意見打消了。
4) 精神崩潰；失去控制 He broke down and wept. 他不禁失聲痛哭。
5) 起化學(xué)變化 Food is broken down by chemicals. 化學(xué)物質(zhì)引起食物轉(zhuǎn)化。
47、get on one’s feet
1）站起來(lái);站起來(lái)發(fā)言
2）(=stand on one's feet)自立, 經(jīng)濟(jì)上獨(dú)立
3）(人)病好了, 可以起床了; (使)恢復(fù), 復(fù)蘇(指企業(yè))
48、go through
1) 經(jīng)歷；經(jīng)受；遭到
These countries have gone / been through too many wars.這些國(guó)家飽經(jīng)戰(zhàn)火。
2) 完成；做完 I didn't want to go through college.我不想上完大學(xué)。
3）通過(guò)；批準(zhǔn) The law has gone through Parliament. 議會(huì)已經(jīng)通過(guò)了這項(xiàng)法案。
Their plans went through. 他們的計(jì)劃得到了批準(zhǔn)。
4）全面檢查；搜查
They went through our luggage at the customs.在海關(guān)他們檢查了我們的行李。
重點(diǎn)句型
1．“So + be／have／助動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)。此結(jié)構(gòu)中的語(yǔ)序是倒裝的，“So”代替上句中的某個(gè)成分。如果上面一句是否定句，則使用“Neither/Nor+be/have/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如 He’s tired，and so am I．(＝I’ m also tired．)
She has had supper，and so can I．(＝I’ve had lunch，too．)
2．“So +主語(yǔ)+be／have／助動(dòng)詞／情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的主謂是正常語(yǔ)序，so相當(dāng)于indeed,certainly,表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)前面或?qū)Ψ剿f(shuō)情況的肯定、贊同或證實(shí)，語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)，意思是“確實(shí)如此”。
例如 A：It was cold yesterday．昨天很冷。
B：So it was．的確如此。(＝Yes，it was．)
3．“主語(yǔ)+do/does/did + so”結(jié)構(gòu)指的是按上句的要求做了。此句型中do so代替上文中要求做的事，以免重復(fù)。
My Chinese teacher told me to hand in my composition on time and I did so.(=I handed in
my composition on time.) 語(yǔ)文老師叫我按時(shí)交作文, 我照辦了。
4．So it is with…或 It is the same with…句型表示 “……(的情況)也是如此。”當(dāng)前面的句子中有幾種不同形式的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，要表示相同情況，必須使用本句型，不能使用so 引起的倒裝句。
She doesn’t play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister.
5、There you are. 行了，好。
這是一句表示一種事情告一段落或有了最終結(jié)果的用語(yǔ)。如：
There you are! Then let's have some coffee.
除此之外，還可以表示“瞧，對(duì)吧（果然如此）”的語(yǔ)氣。例如：
There you are! I knew we should find it at last.
對(duì)吧！我就知道我們最終能找到的。
6、have some difficulty (in) doing sth.
干某事有困難；接名詞時(shí)，常用句型：have some difficulty with sth.
①Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding English?
你理解英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)有困難嗎？
②She said she had some difficulty with pronunciation.
她說(shuō)她在發(fā)音方面有困難。
7、have a good knowledge of sth.
“掌握……”，“對(duì)……有某種程度的了解”
①He has a good knowledge of London. 他對(duì)倫敦有所了解。
8、Tree after tree went own, cut down by the water, which must have been three metres deep.
一棵又一棵的樹被水沖倒、沖斷。那水肯定有三米深。
“must have + 過(guò)去分詞”表示對(duì)已發(fā)生事情的猜測(cè)。在英語(yǔ)中，must，may，can三個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可用來(lái)表示對(duì)事情的猜測(cè)。Must意為“肯定”，語(yǔ)氣很有把握；may意為“可能”、“也許”，語(yǔ)氣把握性不大。兩者常用在肯定句中。Can意為“肯定”、“也許”，常用在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。Must，may，can三者用于表示猜測(cè)時(shí)，其后面可跟三種不同的動(dòng)詞形式：
1）跟動(dòng)詞原形表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在事情的猜測(cè)；
2）跟be doing表示對(duì)正在發(fā)生事情的猜測(cè)；3）跟have done表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的猜測(cè)。例如：
Helen is Lucy’s good friend. She must know Lucy’s e-mail
.海倫是露茜的好朋友。她肯定知道露茜的電子郵件。
9、Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand.魏彬拿出一些花生?？粗镒訌乃稚铣曰ㄉ?，很有趣。
fun “好玩，趣事”，不可數(shù)名詞，前面不加不定冠詞a。
You’re sure to have some fun at the party tonight. 今天晚上你肯定會(huì)玩得很開心。
make fun of“取笑”，“嘲弄”。People make fun of him only because he is wearing such a
strange jacket.人們嘲笑他只是因?yàn)樗┝艘患敲雌婀值囊路?
funny adj. “可笑的，滑稽的”。He looks very funny in his father’s jacket.他穿著他父親
的衣服，看上去很滑稽。
10、Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea……
許多看過(guò)這部電影的人都不敢在海里游。
afraid 用法說(shuō)明：
1）害怕人/ 物，如：be afraid of * / sth
2）不敢做某事，如：be afraid to do sth / of doing sth
He is afraid to go out / of going out alone at night.
3) 擔(dān)心會(huì)發(fā)生某事, 如: be afraid of doing sth或be afraid + that clause
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid of falling into the river.
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid that he might fall into the river.
4) 給人不愉快的信息或不贊同某人意見時(shí), 用I’m afraid …, 如:
I’m afraid I’ve got bad news for you.
I’m afraid I can’t agree with you.
11、It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate.把你盤子里所有東西吃完是有禮貌的。
這是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)的句型，其中to finish eating everything 是主語(yǔ)，it是形式主語(yǔ)。
12、I wish you all the best.我祝你萬(wàn)事如意.
用wish來(lái)表示祝愿的結(jié)構(gòu)是wish * sth, 此外我們還可以用may來(lái)表示祝愿: May * do sth如:
May you succeed.
13、Where there is a river, there is a city. 有河流的地方就有城市。
Where在這里引導(dǎo)的是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于介詞in/ at/ to + the place + where從句9定語(yǔ)從句），意思是“在……地方”。 例如：
Where there is smoke, there is fire.無(wú)風(fēng)不起浪；事出有因。
He lives where the climate is mild.他住在氣候溫暖的地方。
14、Strong, proud, and united, the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia .
圣彼得堡人民堅(jiān)強(qiáng)不屈、充滿自豪、團(tuán)結(jié)一致，他們是俄羅斯當(dāng)代的英雄。
Strong, proud, and united為前置定語(yǔ)，在這里相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：
The people of St Petersburg , who are strong, proud, and united, are the modern heroes
of Russia .??當(dāng)主語(yǔ)比較短時(shí)，這類短語(yǔ)常常放在句首。
15. Congratulations!是一句祝賀用語(yǔ)，在使用時(shí)要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。其他幾個(gè)通常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)表達(dá)特定含義的名詞有：
manners（禮貌）：He is a little boy with good manners.這個(gè)小男孩很有禮貌。
regards (問(wèn)候)：Please send my regards to your parents.請(qǐng)代我問(wèn)候你父母。
16. Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games.
沒四年，世界各地的運(yùn)動(dòng)員們都要參加奧運(yùn)會(huì)。
“every + 基數(shù)詞 + 時(shí)間/ 距離單位”詞表示“每多少時(shí)間/ 距離”。如：
every five days（每五天）, every three hours（每三小時(shí)）, every ten metres（每十公尺）
類似表達(dá)形式還有：every fifth day, every third hour
“每隔一天”的表達(dá)形式有：every second day, every two days, every other day.
17、Modern cellphones are more than just phones—they are used as cameras and radios, and
to send e-mail or surf the Internet.現(xiàn)代的手機(jī)不僅僅是電話機(jī)—它們也當(dāng)坐照相機(jī)和收音機(jī)使用，還可以發(fā)送電子郵件和上網(wǎng)。
use A as B 把A用作B。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones as tools for farming.在古代，人們把石頭用作耕作的
工具。
use sth to do sth用某物來(lái)做某事。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones to kill animals for food.
在古代，人們用石頭來(lái)捕殺動(dòng)物獲取食物。
18、The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in touch with friends and family no
matter where we are or what we are doing.答案似乎是：無(wú)論我們?cè)诤翁幓蛘谧鍪裁?，我們都需要和朋友以及家人一直保持?lián)系。
1) seem 似乎，好像，其用法及搭配有：
seem + adj., 如：
This problem seems complicated, but actually it is simple.
這個(gè)問(wèn)題看似復(fù)雜，其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單。
seem to do
I seem to have seen him somewhere before.我好像以前在哪兒見過(guò)他。
It seems that…,
It seems that everything is going on well.好像一切正常。
It seems as if…,
It seems as if it’s going to rain.看來(lái)快要下雨了。
2) no matter無(wú)論，不管，后面常跟疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其意相當(dāng)于疑問(wèn)詞后加ever。如 no matter what=whatever; no matter where=wherever; no matter how=however; no matter when=whenever例如：
No matter when (Whenever) I meet him, he is always wearing that old hat.
不管我什么時(shí)候遇見他，他總是戴著那頂舊禮帽。
No matter how (However) expensive the cellphone is, I’ll buy it because I need one badly.
無(wú)論這手機(jī)有多貴，我都要買。因?yàn)槲壹毙栌袀€(gè)手機(jī)。
???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法
直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)
1. 直接引語(yǔ)在改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)需要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。
eg: “I broke your CD player.” (一般過(guò)去時(shí)改成過(guò)去完成時(shí))
He told me he had broken my CD player.
Jenny said, “I have lost a book.” (現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)改成過(guò)去完成時(shí))
Jenny said she had lost a book.
Mum said, “I’ll go to see a friend.” (一般將來(lái)時(shí)改成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí))
Mum said she would go to see a friend.
過(guò)去完成時(shí)保留原有的時(shí)態(tài)
He said, “We hadn’t finished our homework.”
He said they hadn’t finished their homework.
注意 直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。
2． 在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果從句中的主語(yǔ)時(shí)第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾，從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱變化。如：
Mary said, “My brother is an engineer.”
Mary said her brother was and engineer.
3． 直接引語(yǔ)如果是反意疑問(wèn)句，選擇疑問(wèn)句或一般疑問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
He said, “Can you run, Mike?”
He asked Mike whether/if he could run.
4. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是祈使句，間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為“tell(ask, order, beg等) * (not) to do sth.”句型。如： “Pass me the water, please.”said he.
He asked him to pass her the water.
5. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是以“Let’s”開頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用“suggest+動(dòng)名詞或從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
She said, “Let’s go to the cinema.”
She suggested going to the cinema. 或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)的動(dòng)作
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，謂語(yǔ)通常為瞬間動(dòng)詞。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。這些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)后不能再接具體的時(shí)間。
（1）用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)，指的是近期的，按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
（2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)與表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的區(qū)別在于：前者通常用瞬間動(dòng)詞（有時(shí)一些常用動(dòng)詞也可以這樣用如：do）如：go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
He is reading a novel. 他在看小說(shuō)。
The train is arriving soon. 火車就要進(jìn)站了。
（3）用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間，在句中或上下文中通常有表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。
（4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作的區(qū)別在于：前者表示的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作往往是可以改變的，而后者則是根據(jù)規(guī)定或時(shí)間表預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情，因此往往是不可改變或不可隨便改變的。
What are you doing next Friday?
下星期五你們打算干什么？
The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.
飛機(jī)今晚七點(diǎn)半起飛。
定語(yǔ)從句
1. 定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)及理解
2. 定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞的使用
3. 定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá)
知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納
（一）定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：
限定性定語(yǔ)從句：從句對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行必要的描述或說(shuō)明，缺少它，則句義顯得不完整，從句與先行詞緊密相連。
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，解釋，它與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開。
1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.
2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.
3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.
4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.
（二）定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某個(gè)名詞或代詞的句子（做這個(gè)名詞或代詞的定語(yǔ)）叫定語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，它與定語(yǔ)從句之間要有一個(gè)詞連接，這個(gè)詞指代先行詞的內(nèi)容叫做關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因狀語(yǔ)。
結(jié)構(gòu)：先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語(yǔ)從句。
1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.
2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.
3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.
4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.
5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.
6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.
（三）關(guān)系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞，這些關(guān)系詞在介詞后面常用which 或whom.
1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.
2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.
知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
（一）當(dāng)先行詞有最高級(jí)，序數(shù)詞修飾，是不定代詞，或是all, no, only等形式時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般用that，而不能用which。
1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.
2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.
（三）定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá)：
1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. The question that is being discussed is very important.
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
說(shuō)明：以上的定語(yǔ)從句部分可以用更加簡(jiǎn)單的非謂語(yǔ)形式表達(dá)出來(lái)：
1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.
2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
3. The question being discussed is very important.
4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.
說(shuō)明：修飾一個(gè)名詞除了后面用定語(yǔ)從句以外，還可以用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式：doing短語(yǔ)，done短語(yǔ)，being done短語(yǔ)，to be done短語(yǔ)修飾。其結(jié)構(gòu)和意思如下：
1. 被修飾名詞+doing短語(yǔ)： 正在做….的人/正在發(fā)生的事。
2. 被修飾名詞+ done短語(yǔ)： 被…..的人/事
3. 被修飾名詞+being done短語(yǔ)：正在被…..的人/事
4. 被修飾名詞+ to be done短語(yǔ)：將要被…..的人/事
（1）Do you know the man talking to my sister ?
（2）The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.
（3）Did you see that car being repaired ?
（4）In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.
（5）The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.
（6）Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.
（7）The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.
總結(jié)：以上做定語(yǔ)的那些短語(yǔ)就是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中所說(shuō)的分詞，不定式的各種形式作定語(yǔ)。
1. 這些短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾名詞的后面。如果單獨(dú)一個(gè)V-ing或V-ed形式作定語(yǔ)，則可以放在被修飾名詞前面。
2. 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作應(yīng)與全句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。V-ing表示主動(dòng)意義和正在做，V-ed表示被動(dòng)意義。being done表示正在被做的
3. 不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將要發(fā)生的，to be done表示將要被做的
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的推測(cè)表達(dá)
2. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣
3. 某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法
知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)總結(jié)
知識(shí)重點(diǎn)：
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在表達(dá)推測(cè)意義的句子中的運(yùn)用：
（一）用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)事實(shí)的推測(cè)。can，could，might，may，must可以用來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)事實(shí)的推測(cè)。根據(jù)說(shuō)話人對(duì)事實(shí)的把握性大小，must表示“肯定…”，may / might / can / could表示“可能……”， must只用于肯定句中，may / might的否定式may not / might not表示 “可能不……”, 而can / could可以用于疑問(wèn)句，表示“可能，可能……嗎?”，其否定式can’t / couldn’t 表示“不可能”。用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可以對(duì)現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè)。對(duì)不同的時(shí)間內(nèi)容推測(cè)有不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。
（二）對(duì)現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè)：
主要結(jié)構(gòu)：…must / may / might +動(dòng)詞原形
be+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語(yǔ)
be + doing
例句：
1. You must be Jeanne. I’m Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well.
2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.
3. The teacher must be joking.
4. Freda isn’t in class. She must be sick.
5. There must be something wrong.
6. She might be very clever, but she hasn’t got much common sense.
7. He may be arriving this evening.
8. He may be traveling around the world.
9. The keys can’t be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.
10. Can the news be true ?
（三）對(duì)過(guò)去的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè)：結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done / been+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語(yǔ)
例句：
1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.
2. He couldn’t have seen Anna yesterday. She’s gone abroad.
3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.
4. He might have overslept again.
5. Where can Tom have gone ?
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣：表達(dá)“本來(lái)…”，“不然早就…”。這是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一種虛擬語(yǔ)氣用法。表示說(shuō)話人所講的與所發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反。表達(dá)了說(shuō)話人的埋怨，后悔的語(yǔ)氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)是在一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加 have done 結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)要表達(dá)的意思，有如下結(jié)構(gòu)：
should have done / ought to have done：本應(yīng)該……
shouldn’t have done / oughtn’t to have done：本不該……
could have done：本來(lái)可以……
needn’t have done：本來(lái)沒必要……
would like to have done：本來(lái)很想……
would rather not have done: 本來(lái)不愿意……
could / might / have done: 不然早就……
例句：
1. You shouldn’t have laughed at his mistakes.
2. You could have told us earlier.
3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week.
4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.
5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.
6. They would like to have seen that film last film.
7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.
8. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time.
知識(shí)難點(diǎn)：
某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法：
need 和dare 的兩種形式的用法
need 和dare可以用做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，后面接不定式（to do）結(jié)構(gòu)，在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中，加助動(dòng)詞do/does/did/或don’t/doesn’t/didn’t。作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)，主要用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞needn’t（沒有必要，不必）相當(dāng)于don’t have to
例句：
1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.
2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you needn’t.
3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?
注意：
句型I dare say+從句。 意思是：我肯定…… = I’m sure或There is no doubt that+從句。
例句：I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.
will和would
表示“意志”或“愿意”，would 則指過(guò)去愿意做……
例句：1. He said that he would help us.
2. You may telephone if you will accept this job.
would可以表達(dá)“過(guò)去習(xí)慣做……”類似于“used to do”
例句：1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river.
表示請(qǐng)求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do…? / Would you like to do…?
例句：Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?
shall
1. 用于第一，三人稱，表示“請(qǐng)求”；“建議” 或“推薦”
例句：1. Shall we start the meeting now?
2. Shall I watch TV now ?
3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?
2. 用于第二人稱，表示“命令，“要求”，“許諾”
例句：1. You shall take whatever you like.
2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again.
在表示推測(cè)的否定句或疑問(wèn)句中，常用can /can’t /could / couldn’t表示，意思是：“可能…嗎?”；“…不可能…”。而不能使用mustn’t或must等詞。
與it有關(guān)的主要句型
it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納：
（一）it用做形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)：根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，it用做形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)，而真正的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（to do 短語(yǔ)，doing短語(yǔ)，名詞性從句）則放在句尾。
主要句型：
It’s +形容詞/名詞+連詞+名詞性從句
to do sth.
doing sth.
find / make / think / feel it +形容詞/名詞+連詞+名詞性從句
to do sth.
doing sth.
例句：
1. It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English .
2. It’s usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs .
3. It’s a pity that I didn’t think of it earlier.
4. It’s no use going there so early.
5. Out teacher thinks it no good learning without practice.
6. Didn’t I make it clear to you that I was not coming ?
7. We found it strange that no one would take the money.
（二）其他句型
1. It takes+時(shí)間段+sb.+ to do sth.
2. 表示“據(jù)說(shuō)，據(jù)報(bào)道，/人們認(rèn)為/相信/建議等
It’s said that…….
It’s reported that ……
It’s believed/thought/suggested that……
例句：
1. It generally takes time to reach this point—being on the same wavelength .
2. It is believed that the two children went off exploring（探險(xiǎn)）on their own and get stuck on the cliff .
3. It’s suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem .
4. It was once predicted（預(yù)測(cè)）that British and American English would become separate languages finally .
（三）it在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中：在英語(yǔ)中，為了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一個(gè)成分（謂語(yǔ)除外），達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)或使聽話人特別注意這一部分的目的。便形成了一種強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。
It is / was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+that / who+句子的其他部分。
It is / was not until+時(shí)間+that+句子的其他部分。
例句：
1. I saw John on my way to school this morning.
It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this morning.
It was on my way to school that I saw John this morning.
It was this morning that I saw John on my way to school.
2. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.
3. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.
4. It was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that frightened me so much .
5. It was the kindness and sympathy in their eyes that prevented me from doing so .
知識(shí)難點(diǎn)：
（一）注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的變形，即以一般疑問(wèn)句或特殊疑問(wèn)句的形式出現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。
1. What is it that Joe can’t find in the bathroom ?
2. Where was it that you met the foreign guests from Australia?
3. I can’t quite remember when it was that we married.
4. Was it because he was very ill that he asked for leave?
（二）是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型還是that主語(yǔ)從句或其他復(fù)合句
1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
2. It is these poisonous products that can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.
3. It was almost ten o’clock when our soldiers came back from the front.
4. Was it in this place that the last king died ?
（三）注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分帶有定語(yǔ)從句
Was it at the air battle on June 8, 1944, which was led by Captain Johnson that Peter lost his life.
主謂一致
知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納
（一）概述：
主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的一致：在英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式要和主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。主要體現(xiàn)在be動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞do, have 以及一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中的動(dòng)詞形式。
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)保持一致的基本原則：語(yǔ)法一致，就近一致和意義一致。
名詞或代詞做主語(yǔ)有人稱和單，復(fù)數(shù)之分，動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)就是第三人稱單數(shù)形式，而動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式即動(dòng)詞的原形。
例句：
1. I am seventeen, and he is sixteen.
2. There is a desk in the room, but there are no chairs in it.
3. John gets up at six o’clock every morning.
4. What is the latest news about the Olympic Games ?
5. The family are sitting at the breakfast table.
（二）語(yǔ)法一致：
1. 由and連接的兩個(gè)名詞或代詞做主語(yǔ)：
（1）這部分主語(yǔ)表示的是兩個(gè)人或兩件不同的事物，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例句：
① My brother and I have both seen that film.
② Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China.
③ The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.
④ Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three R’s.
（2）這部分主語(yǔ)表示具有兩個(gè)身份或性質(zhì)的同一個(gè)人或一個(gè)完整的事物，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
① The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting.
② War and peace is a constant theme in history.
③ One more knife and fork is needed.
④ The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life.
⑤ Law and order has been established.
⑥ Bread and butter is our daily food.
⑦ Fish and chips is a popular fast food.
⑧ The stars and stripes is the national flag of U.S.A.
（3）這部分主語(yǔ)前面有each, every, many a, no 等修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
① Each doctor and（each）nurse was given a new shirt.
② No sound and no voice is heard.
③ Many a boy and girl has made the same mistake.
④ Every minute and every second is precious.
2. 動(dòng)名詞，不定式，主語(yǔ)從句做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
① Reading is a great pleasure in life.
② To live means to create.
③ That we need more time is obvious.
④ What is needed is food and medicine.
3. 表示時(shí)間，金錢，距離，重量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示數(shù)量做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，被視為一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
① Three thousand miles is a long distance.
② Eight hours of sleep is enough.
4. 不定代詞anyone, anything, everyone, everything, someone, something, no one, nothing, each the other 等做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
① Is anybody going to tell him the news ?
② Someone wants to see you.
（三）就近原則
由連詞or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, 連接的兩個(gè)名詞或代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和離它最近的哪個(gè)名詞或代詞的人稱和數(shù)一致。
例句：
1. Either you or Jean is to be sent to New Zealand.
2. Not only his family but also he likes Chaplin’s movies.
3. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.
4. George or Tom is wanted.
注意：There be句型中be 的形式由它后面的第一個(gè)名詞的數(shù)決定。
例句：
1. There aren’t any letters in the mail for you today.
2. There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.
3. Here are some envelopes and paper for you.
名詞后面帶有with, along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as well as, rather than短語(yǔ)共同做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與這些短語(yǔ)前面的那個(gè)名詞的數(shù)一致。
例句：
1. All but one were here just now.
2. A library with five thousand books is offered to that nation as a gift.
3. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.
4. You as well as I are wrong.
（四）意義一致
1. 代詞none, neither, all的不可數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式由它們指的內(nèi)容決定
例句：
（1）All hope has gone.
（2）All are agreed on this point.
（3）—Is there any milk in the fridge? —No, there is none.
（4）None has returned from the meeting.
2. 集合名詞group, class, family, army, enemy, team等名詞的單，復(fù)數(shù)形式根據(jù)它們強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容而定。
例句：
（1）The class were all cheerful.
（2）The team were taking over some new plays.
（3）The group are reading the newspapers.
（4）The army is going to remain in this town.
（5）The army have rescued the travelers.
3. 限定詞短語(yǔ)all of…; none of…; a lot of…; 以及分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of ….修飾名詞構(gòu)成的名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式由of 后面的名詞形式?jīng)Q定。
例句：
（1）None of these suggestions are very helpful.
（2）I don’t think any of us wants to work tomorrow.
（3）Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries.
難點(diǎn)突破
1. 主謂一致的考查主要體現(xiàn)在單項(xiàng)選擇和短代改錯(cuò)兩個(gè)題型中。同學(xué)們?cè)诰毩?xí)和應(yīng)試時(shí)，遇到這樣的題時(shí)，要牢記主謂一致的三個(gè)基本原則。一定要根據(jù)句子內(nèi)容抓住關(guān)鍵的主語(yǔ)部分。同時(shí)還要考慮句子的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。
2. one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞做定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與復(fù)數(shù)名詞一致。 the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞做定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
例句：
Jim was one of the boys who were late for class.
Jim was the only one of the boys who was late for class.
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