???????復(fù)合不定代詞
????????
?????????????????疑問(wèn)代詞(who whom those what which)
?????????????????關(guān)系代詞(who whose whom that which )
?????????????????相互代詞(each other one another )
????????????????代詞It的特殊用法
???????????????????????????
知 識(shí) 清 單
考點(diǎn)一 ?人稱代詞
知識(shí)梳理:提綱挈領(lǐng),抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)!
一、?代詞的分類(lèi)英語(yǔ)中常把代詞分為人稱代詞、無(wú)主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞、不定代詞和相互代詞。
二、?代詞的用法
1.?人稱代詞:人稱代詞是指人的代詞,有性、數(shù)、格的區(qū)別。表示“我” “你” “他” “我們” “你們” “他們”。請(qǐng)看下表:
???
?????數(shù)
???????格
??人 稱 ??
|
單 ???數(shù)
|
復(fù) ???數(shù)
|
主 ???格
|
賓 ??格
|
主 ??格
|
賓 ??格
|
??第一人稱
|
we
|
me
|
we
|
us
|
??第二人稱
|
you
|
you
|
you
|
you
|
??第三人稱
|
he
|
him
|
they
|
them
|
(1)?人稱代詞主格在句中作主語(yǔ)。例如:
She?is my English teacher.
(2)?賓格在句中作賓語(yǔ)。例如:
They don’t want me to go there alone.
????Don’t worry. I can look after?her.
(3)?賓格還可以作賓格。特別是在口語(yǔ)中。
例如:--- Who’s that? ???--- It’s me.
注意:①人稱代詞we, you, they 可以用來(lái)表示一般人。例如:
????????You?cannot go into the hall with slippers.
不準(zhǔn)穿拖鞋進(jìn)入大廳。
??????②人稱代的主格作表語(yǔ),一般都在正中的談話中, 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如:
????????It was he?who took away the necklace.
?是他拿走了那條項(xiàng)鏈。
??????③人稱代詞she可以用指代祖國(guó)、大地、月亮、輪船等。 例如:
????????The ship is leaving. She’s on her first trip to Boston.
輪船要起航了。 這時(shí)她第一次去波士頓。
??????④It作為人稱代詞時(shí),可以表示天氣、距離、時(shí)間、環(huán)境等。 例如:
????????It?is about 10 kilometers from here.
離這兒大約有10公里。
??????⑤It 還可用作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ),來(lái)代替由不定式,動(dòng)詞的-ing,形式或主語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成的真正的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ), 以避免句子頭重腳輕。例如:
??????It?is not easy to learn English well.
??????It is good for you taking a walk after supper.
??????I found it?difficult to sleep.
??????⑥英語(yǔ)里當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是并列的幾個(gè)人時(shí),人稱代詞的排列順序和漢語(yǔ)不同, I 在最后, you 在最前;但是, 當(dāng)受到批評(píng)或時(shí)承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤時(shí)正好相反,I 在最前, you在最后。 例如:
??????You, he and?I?are all the winners.
??????I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.
考點(diǎn)二:物主代詞
物主代詞:表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。物主代詞包括名詞性物主代詞和形容詞性物主代詞。
?????????詞 ?義
?類(lèi) ?型
|
我的
|
你的
|
他的
|
她的
|
它的
|
我們的
|
你們的
|
他/她/它們的
|
形容詞性物主代詞
|
my
|
your
|
his
|
her
|
its
|
our
|
your
|
their
|
名 詞性物主代詞
|
mine
|
yours
|
his
|
hers
|
its
|
ours
|
yours
|
theirs
|
(1)形容詞性物主代詞在句中具有形容詞的特征。在句中作定語(yǔ), 后面跟名詞。例如:
To our?surprise, he has passed the exam.
?(2) 名詞性的物主代詞具有名詞的特征, 在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。例如:
?????May I use your bike? Mine?is at school. ?(作主語(yǔ))
?????Whose glasses are these? ?They are hers. ?( 作表語(yǔ))
?????My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours? ???(作賓語(yǔ))
(3)名詞性物主代詞可以與of 連用,相當(dāng)于”of+名詞所有格”表示部分概念或帶有一定的感情色彩 例如:
A friend of ours?are waiting for us.
He is a friend of mine
考點(diǎn)三:反身代詞
反身代詞:用來(lái)表示“某人自己”的代詞稱為反身代詞。如下表所示:
????????詞 ?義
?數(shù)
|
我(們)自己
|
你(們)自己
|
他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 們 自 己
|
單 數(shù)
|
myself
|
yourself
|
himself
|
herself
|
itself
|
復(fù) 數(shù)
|
ourselves
|
yourselves
|
themselves
|
?
?(1)反身代詞在句中常用賓語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)。例如:
???????Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作賓語(yǔ))
???????He himself?is always making such mistakes. (主語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ))
???????You’d better ask your wife herself.?(賓語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ))
(2)?反身代詞可與其他詞構(gòu)成固定搭配,例如:
teach oneself 自學(xué)
learn by oneself 自學(xué)
enjoy oneself過(guò)得愉快;玩得高興
help oneself to 隨便吃/用
come to oneself 蘇醒
hurt oneself 受傷
by oneself 獨(dú)自
考點(diǎn)四 不定代詞
初中階段常用的普通不定代詞,表格如下:
some;any
|
few;little
|
none;
one;
other
|
many;much
|
either;neither
|
each
|
both;all
|
2.普通不定代詞的用法
(1)some與any
some和any均表示“一些”,既可修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞;some一般用于肯定句中,any多用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和條件從句中。但在疑問(wèn)句中,當(dāng)表示說(shuō)話人希望得到肯定回答或表達(dá)請(qǐng)求、建議時(shí)應(yīng)用some。如:
There aren't any?students in the classroom.
Look! Some?boys are playing football.
-Would you like?some coffee?
-Yes, please.
(2)many與much
many修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),還可以與表示程度的副詞so,too,as,how連用。much修飾不可數(shù)名詞,也可以與表示程度的副詞so,too,as,how連用。如:
How many?bottles of water do you need?
He never eats so much?breakfast.
(3)either與neither
either 指兩個(gè)之中的一個(gè),neither指兩個(gè)人或物中一個(gè)也不,常構(gòu)成固定結(jié)構(gòu)either/neither of+名詞(或代詞)的復(fù)數(shù)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;當(dāng)either...or...和neither...nor...連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與離它最近的主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。如:
Neither of the books is good.
Neither you nor he is wrong.
(4)both與all
both表示“兩者都”,常與and連用;all指“三者或三者以上都”,常與of連用。如:
Both?she and I are students.
Both?plans are good.
Jim, Lucy and Lily all agree to stay here.
(5)each與every(限定詞)
each和every都表示“每一”。each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體,當(dāng)它作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體情況,修飾名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)形式。另外,each指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或事物,而every指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或事物。如:
There are trees on each side of the road.
Every?student in Class 5 passed the exam.
Each?of us wears a yellow T-shirt.
We each?wear a yellow T-shirt.
(6)?區(qū)別other;the other;others;the others;another
不定代詞
|
意義
|
用法說(shuō)明
|
other
|
另外的
|
只作定語(yǔ),常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用;但如果前面有the,some,any,each,every,no,my,your,his等,則可與單數(shù)名詞連用
|
the other
|
兩者中的另一個(gè)
|
常與one連用,構(gòu)成“one...,the other…”;作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),表示“其余的全部”
|
others
|
另一些
|
泛指別的人或物(但不是全部),不能作定語(yǔ),可以構(gòu)成some...others...
|
the others
|
其余的
|
特指其余所有的人或物
|
another
|
另一個(gè)
|
指三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè),用作限定詞或代詞
|
3.復(fù)合不定代詞
(1)初中階段常用的復(fù)合不定代詞,列表如下:
Somebody
(某人)
|
anybody
(任何人)
|
nobody
(沒(méi)有人)
|
everybody
(每個(gè)人)
|
someone
(某人)
|
anyone
(任何人)
|
no one
(沒(méi)有人)
|
Everyone
(每個(gè)人)
|
something
(某事)
|
anything
(任何事)
|
nothing
(沒(méi)有東西)
|
everything
(每一件事)
|
如:
Do you have anything?special to tell me today?
今天你有什么特別的事告訴我嗎?
Listen to me , boys and girls . I have?something?to tell you .
同學(xué)們,聽(tīng)我說(shuō),我有一些事情要告訴你們。
(2)當(dāng)句子陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是指人的復(fù)合不定代詞,如everybody, nobody, anyone等時(shí),其反意疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)通常用代詞they;當(dāng)句子陳述部分的主語(yǔ)是指物的復(fù)合不定代詞,如every-thing, anything, something, nothing等時(shí),其反意疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)通常用代詞it。如:
Everybody?is here, aren't they?
Everything?is ready, isn't it?
(3)當(dāng)形容詞或else修飾復(fù)合不定代詞 something,
everything,everyone等時(shí),形容詞或else必須放在這些詞的后面。如:
Xiaoming, he has something?important to tell you.
小明,他有一些重要的事情要告訴你。
Can you find anyone?else?
你能再找其他人嗎?
(3)?everyone的意思等同于everybody,只能指人;every one既可指人也可指物,還可以和of短語(yǔ)連用。
如:I'd like everyone?to be happy.
我希望人人都幸福。
I have kept every one of her letters.
我把她的每一封信都保存了下來(lái)。
考點(diǎn)五 指示代詞和it的用法
指示代詞:表示時(shí)間和空間遠(yuǎn)近關(guān)系的代詞叫指示代詞。見(jiàn)下表
這,這個(gè)
|
那,那個(gè)
|
這些
|
那些
|
This
|
that
|
these
|
those
|
?????指示代詞可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。例如:
?????Those?are my parents. ( 作主語(yǔ))
?????Throw it like that.???(作表語(yǔ))
?????The toys little Tom likes are those?in the basket. ( 作表語(yǔ))
??????These?pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定語(yǔ))
注意:(1)前面剛剛提到過(guò)的東西, 常用that, those 表示。 例如:
??????????I’m sorry to hear that.
( 2 )下文將要提到的事情, 可用these, this ?表示, 起啟下的作用。 例如:
Tell the children to do like?this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.
(3)this/these
①近指。如:
This is my pen.
These?are my books.
②指下文要提到的事。如:
Please remember this: No pain, no gain.
(2)that/those
①遠(yuǎn)指。如:
That's her bike.
②指前面剛剛提到過(guò)的事。如:
He was ill . That?was why he didn't go to school .
3.打電話時(shí)用this介紹自己,that詢問(wèn)對(duì)方。如:
This?is Mike speaking.
我是邁克。
Who's that??
你是誰(shuí)?
4.代詞it
(1)指代前面提到過(guò)的事物。如:
The book on the desk is not mine. It?is Jim's.
(2)代替指示代詞this或that。如:
——What's that?
——It?is a pencil
(3)指代嬰兒或不明身份的人。如:
Someone is knocking at the door.Please go and see who it?is.
(4)指代時(shí)間或季節(jié)。如:
——What's the time now?
-?It's ten o'clock .
(5)指代天氣。如:
——What's the weather like today?
——It's sunny .
(6)指代距離。如:
How far is it from your school to your home?
5.it,one,that作替代詞時(shí)的區(qū)別
(1)it特指上文提到的同一事物。如:
The book is mine. It's very interesting.
這本書(shū)是我的,它很有趣。
(2)one泛指上文提及的同類(lèi)事物中的一個(gè),同類(lèi)而不物。如:
——Who has a pen?誰(shuí)有鋼筆?
—I have one.我有一支。
(3)that常用于比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,代替前面提到的名詞,以重復(fù)。如:
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter
冬天北京的天氣比廣州的天氣冷。
考點(diǎn)六:疑問(wèn)代詞
疑問(wèn)代詞:用來(lái)構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句的代詞叫疑問(wèn)代詞。常用的有:who, what, which, whose, whom, 在句中常作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。
作主語(yǔ): What?make you so happy?
作賓語(yǔ): Who / Whom?is your manager talking with?
在口語(yǔ)中, 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí) who和whom可以通用,但在介詞后面只能用whom.例如:
About whom?they are talking just now?
作定語(yǔ): Which?subject do you like best?
作表語(yǔ): What’s your mother.
考點(diǎn)七:相互代詞
相互代詞:用于表示相互關(guān)系的代詞。 常用的有:each other, one another. 相互代詞可以作賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。例如:
?????????????We should help?each other.
?????????????The villagers have looked after?one another?these year.
?????????????相互代詞后可以加’s,表示所有關(guān)系。 例如:
?????????????We put the presents in each other’s?stocking.
題組訓(xùn)練代詞填空
1__________of us went to see the film because we had money to buy tickets yesterday.
2.Tom and his father are__________ at work now.
3.__________if them is right
4 He is taller than__________ __________
5.Some students like pop music while __________don't in their school.
6.I want some __________books besides this dictionary.
7.___________(我們)love our country.
8.—Who is it?
—It's__________(我).
9.—This is my dictionary.Where is_____(你的)?
——It's over there , on the bed .
10.The little boy is too young to look after__________ (他自己).
11.__________(誰(shuí))are you talking to?
12.__________(誰(shuí)的)book is this?
13-Would you__________like some apples ?
-Yes,please.
14.There are too __________(很多) mistakes in your exercises.
15.Either you or___________(我)am going to America.
16Is there__________ in the cup?杯子里有東西嗎?
——No,there is __________(什么都沒(méi)有)
【答案】
1.All 2.both 3.Neither 4.any other 5.others 6.other
7.We 8.me 9.yours 10 himself 11 Who/Whom 12.Whose13.some 14.many 15.I 16.anything;nothing
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