Lesson 12 Four Laws of Ecology (Part Ⅱ)
全文翻譯
生態(tài)學(xué)的四條規(guī)律(第二部分)
巴里·康芒納
生態(tài)學(xué)的第三條規(guī)律:自然最了解情況
1.根據(jù)我的經(jīng)驗(yàn),這條規(guī)律會(huì)遭到強(qiáng)烈反對(duì),因?yàn)樗坪跖c一種根深蒂固的觀念相矛盾,這種觀念認(rèn)為,人類(lèi)具有超凡的能力。現(xiàn)代技術(shù)最普遍流行的特征之一就是,它旨在“改造自然”—提供糧食、衣物、住處以及各種交通和交流手段,這些東西比起人類(lèi)在自然中可獲得的要好得多。直截了當(dāng)?shù)卣f(shuō),生態(tài)學(xué)的第三條規(guī)律認(rèn)為,自然系統(tǒng)里任何人為的重大改變都可能對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生破壞作用。雖然這種觀點(diǎn)有點(diǎn)極端,但是我認(rèn)為,如果從一個(gè)特定的適當(dāng)語(yǔ)境去理解,它將對(duì)我們很有價(jià)值。
2.我發(fā)現(xiàn),用類(lèi)比的方法來(lái)解釋這個(gè)原則很有用。假定你打開(kāi)你的表蓋,閉上眼,然后把一支鉛筆插進(jìn)裸露的機(jī)件中。幾乎可以肯定,這只手表被弄壞了,但是也并非絕對(duì)如此。有可能這只手表本來(lái)就沒(méi)有被校正,而鉛筆的隨意插入碰巧使它得到了所需要的精準(zhǔn)校正。然而,這種結(jié)果太不可能了。問(wèn)題的重點(diǎn)在于:為什么?答案不言而喻:手表的制造投入了大量現(xiàn)代技術(shù)人員稱(chēng)之為“研究和開(kāi)發(fā)”的工作(或者更通俗地說(shuō),“研發(fā)”)。這就意味著(數(shù)年來(lái),經(jīng)過(guò)師傅調(diào)教的無(wú)數(shù)制表匠已經(jīng)對(duì)手表機(jī)件的構(gòu)成進(jìn)行了大量各種各樣的詳細(xì)試驗(yàn),拋棄了那些不能與這個(gè)系統(tǒng)的整體運(yùn)作相適應(yīng)的部分,而保留了那些更好的特性。事實(shí)上,手表的裝置已對(duì)大量的有可能被選用的零件進(jìn)行了嚴(yán)格的篩選,才形成了現(xiàn)在的特有結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)這個(gè)手表進(jìn)行任何隨意的改變都有可能在很大程度上給手表的結(jié)構(gòu)造成混亂和損害,并且,這些改變?cè)谶^(guò)去的手表制造過(guò)程中都被試驗(yàn)過(guò),并且是被拋棄了的。因此可以說(shuō),作為手表業(yè)的一條規(guī)律,“手表制造者最了解情況”。
3.生物系統(tǒng)中存在與手表制造非常接近、有深刻含義的類(lèi)似情況。如果用一種物質(zhì),如X射線(xiàn)來(lái)處理某一生物,該生物體內(nèi)就有可能產(chǎn)生一系列無(wú)序的遺傳變化,其遺傳突變的頻率也會(huì)增加。一般來(lái)說(shuō),雖然在自然界里這種情況不常發(fā)生,但據(jù)觀察,受X光照射會(huì)增加所有生物遺傳突變的頻率。因此,這些都可以被視為可能的變化。對(duì)我們的討論很重要的是人們普遍觀察到,當(dāng)遺傳突變頻率通過(guò)X射線(xiàn)照射或其他方式提高了時(shí),幾乎所有的遺傳突變對(duì)有機(jī)體都有害,而且絕大多數(shù)突變的破壞力都非常大,能在有機(jī)體完全形成之前把它毀滅。
4.換句話(huà)說(shuō),與手表一樣,如果一個(gè)活的生物體的組織被隨意改變,那么可以幾乎肯定地說(shuō),這個(gè)生物體會(huì)受到損害,而不是得到改善。在這兩個(gè)例子的解釋是一樣的投入了大量的“研發(fā)”工作。實(shí)際上,每一種生物都經(jīng)過(guò)大約二至三億年的“研發(fā)”。在此期間,無(wú)數(shù)新的生物個(gè)體出現(xiàn)了,在各種情況下提供了試驗(yàn)?zāi)撤N隨機(jī)的基因變化是否適宜的機(jī)會(huì)。如果這種變化破壞了有機(jī)體的獨(dú)立生存能力,它就有可能在傳給有機(jī)體后代之前,毀滅這個(gè)有機(jī)體。就這樣,生物逐漸建立起一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、各個(gè)部分相互協(xié)調(diào)的結(jié)構(gòu);那些可能與整體不和諧的構(gòu)成,便會(huì)在長(zhǎng)期的進(jìn)化過(guò)程中被篩選淘汰掉。因此,現(xiàn)有生物或者現(xiàn)有的自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的各種構(gòu)成都經(jīng)過(guò)了嚴(yán)格的篩選,淘汰了不利的部分,從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō),其組成部分都是最佳的、優(yōu)選的,而任何新加入的成分可能都不如現(xiàn)有的組成成分。
5.這個(gè)原則與有機(jī)化學(xué)領(lǐng)域尤其相關(guān)。生物是由成千上萬(wàn)種不同的有機(jī)化合物構(gòu)成的,有時(shí)人們?cè)O(shè)想,如果用一些人工制造的天然物質(zhì)的變體來(lái)替代它們,至少這些生物中的一些或許能得到改善。生態(tài)學(xué)的第三條規(guī)律意味著,人為引入不是自然界產(chǎn)生的,而是人工制造的有機(jī)化合物,并且任其活躍于一種生物系統(tǒng)中,這一做法很有可能是有害的。
6.造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因在于,比起可能存在的化學(xué)物質(zhì)種類(lèi),生物體中實(shí)際上發(fā)現(xiàn)種類(lèi)要少得多。顯然,有非常多的蛋白質(zhì)種類(lèi)不是由活細(xì)胞制造的。綜上所述,人們可能會(huì)推斷,許多可能存在的蛋白質(zhì)種類(lèi)曾經(jīng)在一些特定的生物里形成,被發(fā)現(xiàn)有害后又在進(jìn)化的試驗(yàn)中被淘汰掉。同樣,活細(xì)胞會(huì)合成具有偶數(shù)個(gè)碳鏈的脂肪酸(一種含有不同長(zhǎng)度的碳鏈的有機(jī)分子),而不合成含有奇數(shù)個(gè)碳鏈的脂肪酸。這就意味著,后者曾經(jīng)被試驗(yàn)過(guò)并被發(fā)現(xiàn)不符合要求。同樣,含有氮和氧原子的有機(jī)化合物,在生物中特別稀有。這就警告我們,人工引入這類(lèi)物質(zhì)是很危險(xiǎn)的。情況確實(shí)如此,因?yàn)檫@類(lèi)物質(zhì)通常都是有毒的,而且常常致癌。此外,根據(jù)在自然界里無(wú)法找到DDT這一事實(shí),我認(rèn)為,在過(guò)去的某個(gè)地方某個(gè)時(shí)期,某個(gè)不幸的細(xì)胞合成了這個(gè)分子,并且死亡了。
7.一個(gè)生物有機(jī)體產(chǎn)生一種有機(jī)物質(zhì)時(shí),在自然界某處一定存在一種能夠分解那種物質(zhì)的酶,這是自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)化學(xué)反應(yīng)的一個(gè)事實(shí)。實(shí)際上,有機(jī)物質(zhì)如不能降解就不可能合成,再循環(huán)也因降解而得到強(qiáng)化。因此,當(dāng)一種新的人造有機(jī)物質(zhì)被合成后,如果它的分子結(jié)構(gòu)與自然界中存在的有機(jī)物質(zhì)的分子結(jié)構(gòu)大相徑庭時(shí),很有可能不存在降解這種物質(zhì)的酶,這種物質(zhì)往往就會(huì)累積起來(lái)。
8.基于這些考慮,我認(rèn)為,我們應(yīng)該慎重對(duì)待每一種人工制造的、自然界沒(méi)有的、對(duì)任何有機(jī)物有強(qiáng)烈作用的有機(jī)化學(xué)物,將其看成對(duì)其他生命形式會(huì)產(chǎn)生潛在危險(xiǎn)的物質(zhì)。在實(shí)際操作層面,這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)意味著小心謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待所有人工制造的、具有生物活性的有機(jī)化合物,就像對(duì)待藥物一樣。當(dāng)億萬(wàn)磅的物質(zhì)被大量生產(chǎn)并被廣泛地散布到生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,對(duì)我們觀察不到的大量物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生影響的時(shí)候,再慎重也為時(shí)已晚。而這正是我們對(duì)待洗滌劑、殺蟲(chóng)劑、除草劑的方式。由此而經(jīng)常產(chǎn)生的災(zāi)難性后果進(jìn)一步論證了“自然最了解情況”這一論斷。
生態(tài)學(xué)的第四條規(guī)律:沒(méi)有免費(fèi)的午餐
9.根據(jù)我的經(jīng)驗(yàn),已經(jīng)證明這一概念能夠十分清晰地解釋環(huán)境問(wèn)題,因此我借用了這個(gè)原本屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的概念。這個(gè)“規(guī)律”源于一個(gè)為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們所熟知的故事,說(shuō)的是一位因石油致富的實(shí)業(yè)大王認(rèn)定他創(chuàng)造新財(cái)富需要經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)來(lái)指導(dǎo)。因此,他命令他的顧問(wèn)們寫(xiě)出一套包含所有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)智慧的多卷本書(shū)來(lái),違者處死。當(dāng)這部鴻篇巨著呈上來(lái)時(shí),實(shí)業(yè)大王卻很不耐煩,又發(fā)出一道命令—把所有的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)縮減成一個(gè)單行本。故事就順著這樣一條脈絡(luò)發(fā)展下去,這類(lèi)故事都應(yīng)這樣的。如果他們還想活命的話(huà),就得按照要求把整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)濃縮成一句話(huà)。這就是“免費(fèi)午餐”規(guī)律的起源。
10.在生態(tài)學(xué)里,正如在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)里一樣,這一規(guī)律警示我們,有得必有失。從某種意義上說(shuō),最后這條規(guī)律包含了前三條規(guī)律。因?yàn)槿虻纳鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)互相連接的整體,在此系統(tǒng)中,沒(méi)有所謂的得到或失去,對(duì)此系統(tǒng)不可進(jìn)行全面的改善,人類(lèi)必須付出代價(jià)才能從生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中獲取東西。代價(jià)的付出可以拖延但不能完全回避。當(dāng)前的環(huán)境危機(jī)警告我們,對(duì)自然應(yīng)償還的債務(wù),我們已拖欠太久。
11.以上所述是對(duì)地球生命之網(wǎng)的看法。我已根據(jù)已有事實(shí),運(yùn)用邏輯學(xué)的種種關(guān)系/把這一看法發(fā)展成了一個(gè)綜合的概■括性結(jié)論。換句話(huà)說(shuō),這種努力是科學(xué)的。12.然而,很難忽視一個(gè)令人難堪的事實(shí),即從所有這些——生態(tài)學(xué)的四條規(guī)律—脫胎而來(lái)的最終的概括性結(jié)論是已經(jīng)被很多非科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域的人們所廣泛認(rèn)可的理念。沃爾特·惠特曼的詩(shī)歌清晰地描述了所有生命都深陷其中的復(fù)雜之網(wǎng)以及人類(lèi)在其中的地位??梢詮摹栋做L》一書(shū)中了解到大量有關(guān)環(huán)境和生物的物理特性之間的相互作用的知識(shí)。馬克·吐溫不僅對(duì)美國(guó)密西西比河以西的環(huán)境特征了如指掌,而且對(duì)科學(xué)與生活現(xiàn)實(shí)脫節(jié)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了相當(dāng)尖銳的批評(píng)。正如批評(píng)家利奧·馬克斯提醒我們的那樣:“任何熟悉美國(guó)經(jīng)典作家(我想到的作家有:庫(kù)珀、愛(ài)默生、梭羅、梅爾維爾、惠特曼以及馬克·吐溫)作品的人,都可能曾對(duì)我們近來(lái)稱(chēng)之為生態(tài)學(xué)的東西感興趣?!?/span>
13.不幸的是,這種文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)并不足以使我們免于生態(tài)災(zāi)難。畢竟,美國(guó)的每個(gè)技師、工業(yè)家、農(nóng)業(yè)家或者官員,這些對(duì)環(huán)境問(wèn)題采取容忍態(tài)度或者參與破壞環(huán)境的人,起碼都讀過(guò)一點(diǎn)愛(ài)默生、棱羅、梅爾維爾、惠特曼以及馬克·吐溫的作品。他們中間的許多人還是野營(yíng)者、觀鳥(niǎo)者,或者熱衷捕魚(yú)的人,因此在某種程度上,他們對(duì)生態(tài)科學(xué)要闡釋的自然有切身的認(rèn)識(shí)。盡管如此,他們中的多數(shù)入依然對(duì)環(huán)境危機(jī)感到驚異,毫無(wú)思想準(zhǔn)備。顯然他們沒(méi)有認(rèn)識(shí)到梭羅熱愛(ài)的樹(shù)林、馬克·吐溫筆下的河流、梅爾維爾描寫(xiě)的海洋正遭受(人類(lèi)的)侵犯。
14.因污染而變得越來(lái)越濃的煙氣有助于我們認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。如利奧·馬克斯所說(shuō),“從某種意義上講,當(dāng)今的環(huán)境危機(jī)為這種富于想象力的理念(即人與自然和諧的必要性)提供了一種確切、可以量化的基礎(chǔ)?!蔽覀兣ψC明,通過(guò)人類(lèi)和自然界進(jìn)行有意識(shí)的接觸得出的這些簡(jiǎn)單的概括性結(jié)論在生態(tài)科學(xué)的事實(shí)和理論原則方面是具有可靠基礎(chǔ)的,這一點(diǎn)可能就是這一努力的主要價(jià)值。因此,這些簡(jiǎn)單的概括性結(jié)論與科學(xué)結(jié)合就成為修補(bǔ)環(huán)境危機(jī)給自然造成的破壞的工具。
(選自《封閉的循環(huán)——自然、人和技術(shù)》)
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練習(xí)答案
Ⅱ.
A.
1.The third law is nature knows the best.Because the general knowledge is that human knows better and the modem technology isintended to "improve on nature."
2.Research and development means that over the years numerous watchmakers who are all taught by theirpredecessors,have triedout various detailed arrangements of watch works and have discarded those that are not compatible with the overall operation of thesystem and retained the better features.It plays a role of a very restricted selection,in which the last chosen one best fts the system.
3.It means that the evolving process every living thing has undergone is very intricate and highly selective.It is carried on asdescribed in the text:"In that time,a staggering number of new individual iving things have been produced,affording in each casethe opportunity to try out the suitability of some random genetic change.If the change damages the viability of the organism,it islikely to kill it before the change can be passed on to future generations.”
4.The organic compound is man-made and will nevertheless become active in a living system.Iyswery likely to be harmfulto thenature.
5.An enzyme breaks down the natural substances.
6 Because these compounds have strong actions on any otherorganism and are likely to damage other formsof life.
7.The fourth law of ecology is that there is no such thing as a free hnch
8.Because the interaction between human and nature widely acknowledged in literature is stll not applied toenvironmentalprotection.
9.The four laws arouse scientific awareness of the enyifonmental crisis and therefore become tools.
B.
1.Analogy.Yes,it is effective.Tho comparing the evolution process to the making of watch,readers can better understand theevolution process.
2.The writers uses examples of DDT,detergents,insecticides and herbicides to explain.
3.It is to explain the concept of "there is no free lunch."
4.These names represent understanding of the four laws from the perspective of lterature.Al these works exhibit the beauty of thenature and a poetic ideal of harmony between human and nature.
5.The author ends with a quotation and a promising solution.It is effective since it makes its readers reflct more on the practicaleffect of the four laws.
Ⅲ.
1.My experience proves that some people willstrongly reject this principle for it appears to diverge from an idea fimly held bypeople that human beings have the unique ability and power to do anything that is needed:human beings know better than nature.
2.Most people may regard this statement unusual and unacceptable.However,I believe,it contains many good points so that it deserves our attention ifwe can properlydefine the situation and relate it to the correspondent situation,and events,instead ofconsidering it independent of the context.
3.What is useful for the sake of our argument is the universally observed fact that when mutation frequency is increased by x-raysor other means,almost al the mutations cause harm to the living things and the great majority of the mutations are so damaging thatthey kill the living thing before it is fully formed.
4.The fact is that nature has carried out research anddevelopment for about two or three bilion years for the survival anddevelopment of every living thing.
5.In this way,when a new man-made organic substance is synthesized with a molecular structure that is very different from thetypes which are synthesized in nature,most likely no corresponding enzyme is capable of degrading this substance,and consequentlythe substance tends to continue to stay as a harmful element.
6.It is impossible to avoid dangers or risks caused by such man-made substances when billions of pounds of them are produced andscattered far and wide into the ecosystem.In the ecosystem,they can bring about negative impacts on numerous organisms that wedo not observe inour research.
7.In spite of the fact just mentioned,we can't ignore the fact that people who fimly believe in the four laws of ecology are notengaged in scientific study.In other words,they are actually not scientists.This fact is rather embartasing (for scientists).
IV.
A.
8.Mark Twain not only provided remarkable first-hand information and knowledge aboht thě oature of the environment of the part學(xué)west of the Mississippi River,but criticized directly and sharplythe irrelevant aspeels of science which lose conection to the realitiesof life.
2.compatible with:that can work well together
1.works:the working parts or mechanism(of a watch,a clock,etc.)人
3.close:similar
4.agent:a chemical or substance that makes other substances change
5.screen out to sift through a coansemesh so as to separate finer from coarser parts
6.found wanting proven to be not good enough for a particular purpose
7.on pain of death:at the risk of bringingdeath upon oneself
8.tome:a large heavy book
9.in this vein:in this particular style or way
10.camper:a person who vacations at a campsite
B.
1.extensively existing and spreading
2.be harmful
3.significant and basic changes
4.ability to continue to live
5.are made up of
6.the things that have been mentioned
7.produce by combining different things
8.spread
9.involved in a complicated way
10.direct and sharp
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C.
1.有機(jī)化學(xué)
2.有機(jī)化合物
3.蛋白質(zhì)
4.合成
5.脂肪酸
6.碳鏈
7.氧原子
8.致癌的
9.酶
10.洗滌劑
11.殺蟲(chóng)劑
12.除草劑
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D.
1.impossible意為“不可能的”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“不會(huì)發(fā)生,不會(huì)存在”,另外,impossible還用于表示“極難應(yīng)付的”;improbable意為“不可能”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“不太可能,未必會(huì)發(fā)生”,也可用來(lái)表示“奇異的,荒謬的”。如:It seems improbable that they could havedriven home in less than ten minutes.(他們?cè)谑昼姴坏降臅r(shí)間就開(kāi)車(chē)到家似乎不大可能。)
2.technician意為“技師,技術(shù)員”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“擅長(zhǎng)某一領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)”,而technolbogist意為“技術(shù)專(zhuān)家”,強(qiáng)調(diào)“掌握某技術(shù)的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)”。如:As a technologist,Mr.Jobs was different because he was not an engineer-and that was his great strength.(作為一名技術(shù)專(zhuān)家,喬布斯特別在他不是一名工程師,而這也是他最大的長(zhǎng)處。)
3.Economics意為“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”或“經(jīng)濟(jì)因素”,指跟財(cái)政、稅收相關(guān)的學(xué)科或領(lǐng)域。Economy意為“經(jīng)濟(jì)”,指“社會(huì)物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)、流通、交換等活動(dòng)”,也指國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu),如:China is a newly emerging economy.(中國(guó)是一個(gè)新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體)。
4.obviously表示“顯然”時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)“基于顯而易見(jiàn)的事實(shí)”,而apparently表示“顯然”時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)“根據(jù)所聽(tīng)到或看到的進(jìn)行推測(cè),不確定是否真實(shí)”。如:I was not there,but apparently it was a good party.(我不在那兒,但是顯然聚會(huì)不錯(cuò)。)
V.See the translation of the text.
VI.
1.The author starts with a personal experience relating to the passing of Steve Jobs,which is learnt from her iPhone.In this way theauthor connects herself and the reader through the same device they use in daily life.
2.Paragraph 2 is a transitional paragraph,from her own experience to the life deeds of Steve Jobs.
3.The last two paragraphs mainly focus on Jobs'influence on us as an innovator.
4.Prometheus brings fire to human,whichchanges their life and civilization.In the metaphorical comparison,Jobs also brings fire toApple technology.He changed our notion of technology.
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