as…as
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1.基本用法
該結(jié)構(gòu)的基本意思是“與……一樣”,其中接形容詞或副詞的原級(jí),在否定句中,第一個(gè)as也可換成so.如:
He doesn't study as [so] hard as his brother. 他學(xué)習(xí)不如他弟弟努力。
2.涉及數(shù)量或程度的用法
若涉及數(shù)量或程度,可用“as much+不可數(shù)名詞+as”和“asmany+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+as”。如:
He doesn‘t pay as much tax as we do / as us. 他沒(méi)我們交的稅款多。
There are not as many restaurants as there were. 現(xiàn)在餐館沒(méi)有過(guò)去多了。
3.有關(guān)詞序的一點(diǎn)說(shuō)明
其間接形容詞時(shí),有時(shí)該形容詞還可修飾另一名詞,但這個(gè)名詞應(yīng)帶有不定冠詞(注意詞序)。如:
I have as good a voice as you. 我的聲音和你一樣好。
4.該結(jié)構(gòu)的修飾語(yǔ)
根據(jù)情況可用(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, threetimes, 30 per cent等修飾,并且這些修飾語(yǔ)必須置于第一個(gè)as之前,而不能置于其后。如:
This room is twice as large as that one. 這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的兩個(gè)大。
You‘re not half as clever us you think you are. 你遠(yuǎn)不是自己想像的那么聰明。
It took three times as long as I had expected. 這件事比我預(yù)料的多花了兩倍的時(shí)間。
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first & at first
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1、從詞性上看區(qū)別
first可用作形容詞或副詞,有時(shí)還可用作代詞;而at first作為介詞短語(yǔ),只起副詞用作用(在句中用作狀語(yǔ))。如:
First class is the most expensive way to travel. 坐頭等艙是最貴的旅行方式。(first為形容詞,在句中用作定語(yǔ))
This is the first time I have heard of such things. 這是我第一次聽(tīng)到這樣的事。(first為形容詞,在句中用作定語(yǔ))
You needn‘t read the whole book hut you must readthe first four chapters.你們不必把整本書(shū)全讀完,但必須讀完前四章。(first為形容詞,在句中用作定語(yǔ))
I asked them to ring first in case we were out. 我請(qǐng)他們先打電話來(lái),以防我們不在家。(first為副詞,在句中用作狀語(yǔ))
She‘s always the first to arrive and the last to leave. 她總是第一個(gè)來(lái),最后一個(gè)離開(kāi)。(first為代詞,可視為其后省略了one, person等之類的詞)
His second suggestion was not much better than his first. 他的第二個(gè)建議比第一個(gè)好不了多少。(first為代詞,可視為其后省略了suggestion)
At first we used hand tools. Later we had machines. 開(kāi)始我們用手工工具,后來(lái)我們有了機(jī)器。(atfirst在此用作狀語(yǔ))
2、從用法上看區(qū)別
1).first的用法
first 用來(lái)說(shuō)明順序,意為“先……”,暗示接下去還有其他動(dòng)作或事件要發(fā)生,因此其后往往接有(或暗示有)then,next,last 等詞。如:
Think first, then act. 先想清楚再行動(dòng)。
I‘ll have to finish my homework first. 我得先把作業(yè)做完。
? ? ? ?First, boil some water. Then, warm the teapot. Then, add three teaspoons oftea. Next, pour on boiling water… 你先燒些開(kāi)水,然后把茶壺燙熱,接著放三勺茶葉,隨后沖入開(kāi)水……
John came home from work. First he read the paper for a while, then he got up from the chairand turned on the radio. 約翰下班回家,先看一會(huì)兒報(bào),然后從椅子上站起來(lái),打開(kāi)收音機(jī)。
2). at first 的用法
at first 的意思是“起初”“開(kāi)始”,它主要用于強(qiáng)調(diào)前后對(duì)照,暗示接下去的動(dòng)作與前面的動(dòng)作不同甚至相反,因此常有 but,afterwards,soon,at last等相呼應(yīng)。如:
At first I didn‘t want to go, but I soon changed my mind. 我開(kāi)始不想去,但我很快就改變了主意。
The work was hard at first, but I got used to it. 起初這活兒很累,不過(guò)后來(lái)我習(xí)慣了。
At first they were very happy, but then things started going wrong. 起初他們生活得很幸福,但后來(lái)就開(kāi)始出問(wèn)題了。
At first I paid little attention, but slowly my interest awoke. 起初我沒(méi)怎么注意,但逐漸產(chǎn)生了興趣。
3、其他幾點(diǎn)區(qū)別
1). at first 除以上用法外,其他場(chǎng)合一般不用它;而first除表示“先……(然后……)”外,還可表示“最先”“第一次”“首先”等。如:
Ladies first. 女士?jī)?yōu)先。
That‘s mine—I saw it first. 那是我的,是我先看見(jiàn)的。
When did you first meet him? 你第一次見(jiàn)他是什么時(shí)候?
2). 有時(shí)at first并非固定搭配(first后還修飾有其他詞語(yǔ))。如:
She was so nice a girl that he fell in love with her at first sight. 她是這樣好的一個(gè)姑娘,使他一見(jiàn)鐘情。
She could tell at first glance to which class a man belonged. 她一眼就能看出一個(gè)人屬于哪個(gè)階級(jí)。
3). at first與at last不是一對(duì)反義詞組,后者的意思是“終于”“最終”。如:
At last the truth became known. 最后真相大白了。
She has at last got everything ready. 她最后把一切準(zhǔn)備好了。
At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽車來(lái)了,我已等了半小時(shí)。
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angry
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1.表示“對(duì)某人生氣”,一般用介詞 with(有時(shí)也用 at)
The teacher got angry with [at] me. 老師對(duì)我生氣了。
有的詞書(shū)認(rèn)為:用with表示心中感到生氣,而用at則表示怒氣流露于外表,但總的說(shuō)來(lái)此時(shí)還是用with的場(chǎng)合較多。
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2.表示“對(duì)某事生氣”,一般用介詞 at(about)
He was rather angry at what you said. 他對(duì)你說(shuō)的話相當(dāng)生氣。
I was angry about missing the film. 沒(méi)看上那部電影我很氣惱。
有的詞書(shū)認(rèn)為:at 之后接某人之言行,about 之后接某事,但這種區(qū)別并不十分嚴(yán)格,兩者??蓳Q用。
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3.表示生氣的原因,一般用介詞for
He was angry with me for not having done anything. 因?yàn)槲沂裁匆矝](méi)做,他對(duì)我很生氣。
注:be angry 之后除搭配介詞外,還可接不定式或從句:
He‘ll be angry to find that nothing has been done. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)什么都沒(méi)做,他會(huì)生氣的。
He was angry that the door was locked. 門(mén)鎖上了,他很生氣。
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able
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1.表示“有能力的”、“能干的”,可用作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。如:
He is an able manager. 他是位有能力的經(jīng)理。
He is old but still able. 他雖年老,但仍有很能干。
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2.用于 be able to do sth(能或會(huì)做做某事)。如:
He is able to speak English. 他會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。
Everyone here is able to type. 這兒的每一個(gè)人都會(huì)打字。
He will be able to get about in a week or two. 再過(guò)一兩個(gè)星期左右他就能走動(dòng)了。
He studied hard and was able to pass his examinations. 他學(xué)習(xí)很努力,所以考試及了格。
注:be able to 不僅有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式(通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)或與 be going to 連用),而且還可以與某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用(通常不與 can 連用),甚至還可以有非謂語(yǔ)形式。如:
Since his accident he hasn't been able to leave the house. 自出事之后,他一直未能離開(kāi)家。
You might be able to persuade him. 你也許能夠說(shuō)服他。
I hope to be able to do the work. 我希望能干得了這項(xiàng)工作。
I regret not being able to help her. 我很遺憾未能幫助她。
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3.able 的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)通常是abler和ablest,也可以是more able和most able,有時(shí)還可用 betterable和best able.如:
You are better able to do it than I (am). 你比我更有能力做這件事。
She's the person best able to cope. 她是個(gè)最能妥善處理問(wèn)題的人。
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4.若要加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,其前除可very,quite,perfectly等修飾外,有時(shí)還可用well修飾。如:
He is quite [well] able to take care of himself. 他完全有能力照顧自己。
He's a very able student; he's just too lazy. 他是個(gè)很有能力的學(xué)生,只是太懶了。
若受just,only just修飾,則表示“只能”“僅能”。如:
I was just able to make out a dark figure in the distance. 我只能看見(jiàn)遠(yuǎn)處有個(gè)黑影。
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5.able的反義詞是unable(不能的,不會(huì)的),不是disable,后者是動(dòng)詞,其意為“使殘廢”“使無(wú)能力”。比較:
They were unable to reach a decision. 他們沒(méi)法做出決定。
Now that he was disabled, his house had become a prison to him. 因?yàn)樗麣垙U了,他的房子就成了他的牢籠。
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hundred,thousand &million
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(1) 用單數(shù)的場(chǎng)合
當(dāng)這些詞與具體數(shù)字連用時(shí),習(xí)慣上用單數(shù),而且也不后接介詞of.如:
He was prepared to pay two million. 他愿意支付200萬(wàn)。
More than a hundred people were injured. 有一百多人受了傷。
但是,當(dāng)這些詞后面的名詞有了the,these,those等特指限定詞修飾時(shí),或其后的接的是us,them 這樣的人稱代詞時(shí),則此時(shí)必須用介詞of.如:
About three hundred of them have left there. 他們當(dāng)中約有300人離開(kāi)了那兒。
(2) 用復(fù)數(shù)的場(chǎng)合
當(dāng)這些詞不與具體數(shù)字連用,而是表示不確定的泛指數(shù)時(shí),則不僅要要用復(fù)數(shù),而且要后接介詞of,然后才能接名詞。如:
The sun was shining. Thousands of people were lying on the beach. 陽(yáng)光燦爛,數(shù)以千計(jì)的人躺在海灘上。
A careless mistake cost the company millions of pounds. 一個(gè)粗心的錯(cuò)誤使公司蒙受數(shù)百鎊的損失。
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unless & if…not
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unless和if not均可表示“如果不”,有時(shí)用法相同,有時(shí)不同,請(qǐng)看題:
You'll miss the train ____ you hurry up.
A. unless B. as C. if not D. until
此題應(yīng)選 A.容易選C.其實(shí)C只是詞序不對(duì),若改為……ifyou don't hurry up 也是對(duì)的。在許多情況下,連詞until與if…not同義,且可換用(表示一種否定的條件)。
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要是不下雨,我們就去。
We shall go unless it rains. = We shall go if it doesn't rain.
我不打電話給你,你就不要來(lái)。
Don't come unless I phone you. = Don't come if I don't phone you.
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從以上兩例可以看出,unless有時(shí)可以與if not換用,但if not中的not必須位于從句謂語(yǔ)中,而不能直接與if連用在一起。但是注意,即使如此,兩者也并不是永遠(yuǎn)可以換用的:
一般說(shuō)來(lái),兩者互換的場(chǎng)合只限于:當(dāng)我們要去結(jié)束一個(gè)已經(jīng)存在的想法或狀態(tài)時(shí)(而不是去開(kāi)始一種新的想法或狀態(tài))。試體會(huì):
I'll stay at home unless I am invited (=if I am not invited) to the party. 要是不邀請(qǐng)我去參加 晚會(huì),我就呆在家里。(即“邀請(qǐng)我參加晚會(huì)”會(huì)結(jié) 束“我將呆在家里”這一現(xiàn)在的打算)
若要表示所述條件會(huì)導(dǎo)致一種新的想法或情況,通常要用if…not,而不用unless.試體會(huì):
I'll be angry if I'm not invited to the party. 如果不邀請(qǐng)我參加晚會(huì),我會(huì)生氣的。(即“不邀請(qǐng)我去參加晚會(huì)”會(huì)導(dǎo)致一種新情況—-“我會(huì)生氣”
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alive
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1.關(guān)于比較等級(jí)的使用
表示“活著的”、“在世的”,其反義詞是dead(死的);沒(méi)有比較等級(jí)的變化。但表示“有活力的”、“活潑的”等義時(shí),可以有比較等級(jí)的變化,且通常要加more,most 構(gòu)成。如:
My grandfather is more alive than a lot of youngpeople. 我爺爺比許多年輕人還有生氣。
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2.關(guān)于用作定語(yǔ)
通常不放在名詞前作定語(yǔ),但可作作表語(yǔ)或后置定語(yǔ)。如:
He must be still alive. 她一定還活著。
He‘s the happiest man alive. 他在世界上最幸福的人。
Although he is old, he is very much alive. 雖然他很老了,但還很有生氣。
注意:
但是若本身帶有修飾語(yǔ),則可以用作前置定語(yǔ):
a really alive student 一個(gè)十分活躍的學(xué)生
a really alive town 一個(gè)十分熱鬧市鎮(zhèn)
除用作表語(yǔ)和有時(shí)用作定語(yǔ)外,alive有時(shí)還用作狀語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如:
He was buried alive. 他被活埋了。
The spy was caught alive. 特務(wù)被活捉了。
I‘m afraid he can't come back alive. 恐怕他不能活著回來(lái)。
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3.關(guān)于修飾語(yǔ)的使用
一般不用very修飾,但可用 much,very much,all等修飾。如:
He is (very) much alive. 他非?;钴S。
The city was all alive when we arrived. 我們到達(dá)時(shí),城里非常熱鬧。
但是當(dāng) alive(to)表示“意識(shí)到”(=aware of)時(shí),可用very修飾。如:
He is very alive to the danger. 他完全意識(shí)到了這危險(xiǎn)。
4.用于搭配be alive with
該習(xí)語(yǔ)意為“充滿”、“到處是”。如:
The woods are alive with birds. 樹(shù)林中到處是鳥(niǎo)。
The street was alive with people. 街上擠滿了人。
The sky was alive with stars. 滿天星斗。
5.alive,living,live的區(qū)別
三者均可表示“活著”,但用法有區(qū)別:
(1)alive通常不放在名詞前作定語(yǔ) (可用作表語(yǔ)或后置定語(yǔ)),但是本身有修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),可用作前置定語(yǔ)等 (見(jiàn)以上分析和例句);主要用于人或動(dòng)物。
(2) living 可用作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ),可用于人或物。如:
Both plants and animals are living things. 動(dòng)植物都是生物。
My first English teacher is still living? 我的英語(yǔ)啟蒙老師還健在。
English is a living language. 英語(yǔ)是一門(mén)活生生的語(yǔ)言。
從含義上看alive與living都可表示“活著”,含義很接近,只要句法適合,兩者有時(shí)可互換。如:
the greatest scientist alive = the greatest living scientist 當(dāng)代最偉大的科學(xué)家
Are your grandparents still alive [living]? 你祖父母還健在嗎?
若要嚴(yán)格區(qū)分,兩者仍有差別。如:
living 側(cè)重指“健在”或“尚在人間”,而alive則側(cè)重指生與死的“界限”:
In the car accident the mother was killed, but her two-year-old son was found alive. 在這次車禍中,母親死了,但是她兩歲的兒子卻還活著。
(3) live 只用作定語(yǔ) (前置),主要用于動(dòng)物、植物等 (一般不用于人) .如:
He bought some live fish. 他買了幾條活魚(yú)。
Only a few live trees were left after the fire. 火災(zāi)之后只剩下幾棵樹(shù)還活著。
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I'll stay at home unless I am invited (=if I am not invited) to the party. 要是不邀請(qǐng)我去參加 晚會(huì),我就呆在家里。(即“邀請(qǐng)我參加晚會(huì)”會(huì)結(jié) 束“我將呆在家里”這一現(xiàn)在的打算)
若要表示所述條件會(huì)導(dǎo)致一種新的想法或情況,通常要用if…not,而不用unless.試體會(huì):
I'll be angry if I'm not invited to the party. 如果不邀請(qǐng)我參加晚會(huì),我會(huì)生氣的。(即“不邀請(qǐng)我去參加晚會(huì)”會(huì)導(dǎo)致一種新情況—-“我會(huì)生氣”)
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