知 識(shí) 清 單
動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)
????動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)有很多。初中階段主要掌握八種：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
知識(shí)梳理：提綱挈領(lǐng)，抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)！
1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成：主語(yǔ)是I, we, you, they和名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)作謂語(yǔ)的行為動(dòng)詞用原形。主語(yǔ)是he, she , it和名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，作謂語(yǔ)的行為動(dòng)詞的詞尾變化如下：
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一般情況
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＋s
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以s, x, ch, sh 或 o結(jié)尾
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＋es
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以輔音＋y結(jié)尾
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去y變i＋es
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2）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句形式（以be和like為例）：
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主 ??語(yǔ)
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肯 定 式
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否 定 式
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疑 問(wèn) 式
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第一、二人稱和第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)以及名詞復(fù)數(shù)
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I ?am a student.
We/You/ They are students.
He/ She is a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ like music.
Many people like music.
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I am not a student.
We/You/ They are not students.
He/ She is not a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music.
Many people don’t like music.
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Are you a student.
Are you/ they ?students?
Is he/ she a student?
Do you/ they like music?
Do many people like music?
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3）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的用法：
?現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常性，習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作 。例如：
????I get up at six every morning. ??
????He plays tennis once a week.
現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài) ????????例如：
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客觀真理 ??????????例如：
The earth goes around the sun.
4）常用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：
???often ?usually ?sometimes ?always ?every day ?never ?in the morning 等。
例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！
1.?--- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn’t work ??B. doesn’t work ?C. won’t work ??D. can’t work
【答案】B.
【解析】：電視雖然是前天買的， 但壞了是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)， 應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
2．______ the bus until it ______..
???A. Get off, stops ???B. Get off, will stop ?C. Don’t get off, stops ?D. Don’t get off, will stop
【答案】C
【解析】：這是一個(gè)以until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，主句是祈使句，因此從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。根據(jù)句意此題應(yīng)用not …until（直到……才）句型。應(yīng)選C。
3．The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning.
???A. takes ?????????B. are taking ?????C. took ????????????D. will take
【答案】A
【解析】：“這個(gè)70歲的老人早晨鍛煉。”這里鍛煉是一個(gè)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。因此，應(yīng)選A.
2．一般過(guò)去時(shí)
?1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成：
???用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。作謂語(yǔ)的行為動(dòng)詞的詞尾變化如下：
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一般情況
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+ed
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以e字母結(jié)尾的輔音
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+d
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以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾
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去y變i＋ed
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重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的單詞，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母
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??????????雙寫(xiě)詞尾字母+ed
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2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的肯定句、否定句和疑問(wèn)句形式（以be和like為例）：
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主 ??語(yǔ)
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肯 定 式
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否 定 式
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疑 問(wèn) 式
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第一、二人稱和第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)以及名詞復(fù)數(shù)
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I was a student.
We/You/ They were students.
He/ She was a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ liked music.
Many people liked music.
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I was not a student.
We/You/ They were not students.
He/ She was not a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music.
Many people didn’t like music.
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Were you a student.
Were you/ they ?students?
Was he/ she a student?
Did you/ they like music?
Did many people like music?
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3）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法：
1．?過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：
????The police stopped me on my way home last night.
2．?過(guò)去存在的狀態(tài)。例如：
They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：
???yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1.一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如tomorrow、tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening、next week month/year、soon、in a few days等連用。
Mr. Wu will teach us English this term
這學(xué)期將由吳老師教我們英語(yǔ)。
I will go to my hometown next week.下周我要回老家。
2.一般將來(lái)時(shí)有下面幾種形式：
(1)助動(dòng)詞will+動(dòng)詞原形。
We won't leave before nine.9點(diǎn)之前我們不會(huì)走。
在疑問(wèn)句中，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第一人稱I或we時(shí)，常用助動(dòng)詞shall .
What time shall we leave?我們什么時(shí)候出發(fā)？
What shall we do in our English class tomorrow ?
明天的英語(yǔ)課上我們干什么？
(2)“be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生某事或打算、計(jì)劃要做某事。
I'm going to do my homework this evening.
我打算今晚做我的家庭作業(yè)。
Who is going to speak first?誰(shuí)先發(fā)言？
(3)come、go、start、leave等動(dòng)詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事。
I am going to Beijing this Sunday.
這周日我要去北京。
(4)在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的事。
I'll give the note to him as soon as he comes back.他一回來(lái)我就把這張便條交給他。
四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞am/is/are+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。其時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為now或現(xiàn)在的具體時(shí)刻，也可從上下文體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。
-What are you doing?
-I'm reading a book .
你在干什么？
——我正在看書(shū)。
He is watching TV now.現(xiàn)在他正在看電視。
2.“連系動(dòng)詞+介詞/副詞”也可表示正在進(jìn)行的
動(dòng)作。
He is at work.他正在工作
3．?表示感覺(jué)、愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞，如hope smell、hear、see、like等一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
五、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一階段正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。這一特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間除有上下文暗示外，一般用表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)表示，常和at that time,at six yesterday,at that moment,this time yesterday等連用。
They were having a class this time yesterday.
昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他們正在上課
六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
一. 用法：
（1）動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。
與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：
強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去—一般過(guò)去式
強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響---現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
???? 試比較：
?????? ??????I have lost my new book.?
?????? ??????I lost my new book yesterday.
My mother went to Shanghai.
???????????Where is your mother? ---She has gone to Shanghai.
??????????. I didn’t have breakfast.
???????????I haven’t have breakfast yet.
?????? ?（2）動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、 yet 等副詞修飾。如：
????? ???? ??--Have you had lunch yet????? ??--Yes, I have. I've just had it.
（3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示未完成。動(dòng)作從過(guò)去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還可能以后繼續(xù)。通常和帶有for和since等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。?
?????????He has been in the army for ten years.
I have studied English since 1980.
?????? ?（4）表示說(shuō)話前發(fā)生過(guò)一次或多次的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一般譯為漢語(yǔ)“過(guò)”，表示次數(shù)：一次once; 二次: twice, 三次：three times…, ever, never等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
??????? 如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去過(guò)北京二次。
I have been to Shanghai twice.
She has watched this film three times.
I have never seen more beautiful girl than she.
練 ?習(xí)
1. 我已經(jīng)在深圳住了十年。
___________________________________
【答案】I have lived in Shenzhen for ten years
2. 我的叔叔自從1960年以來(lái)都在尋找他的女兒。
___________________________________
【答案】My uncle have been looking for his daughter since 1960
3. 我踢足球已經(jīng)有兩年了。
___________________________________
【答案】I have played football for two years
4. 我自從1996年就認(rèn)識(shí)瑪麗
__________________________________
【答案】I have known Mary since 1996
5. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.
6. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
7. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
8. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.
9. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
【答案】5. since 6.since 7.for 8.for 9.since
二. 構(gòu)成：
(1) 肯定句： ?have / has done
(2) 否定句：...have/has not done
(3) 一般疑問(wèn)句： Have/ Has ... done ....?
????????????????Yes, ... have/has. ?????No, ...have/has not.
(4) ?常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：
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already
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“已經(jīng)”
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肯定句的中間
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never
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“從不”
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中間處
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ever
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“曾經(jīng)”
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疑問(wèn)句和肯定句的中間處
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just
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“剛剛”
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中間處
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yet
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“已經(jīng)” 、“還”
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疑問(wèn)句、否定句的末尾處)
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或不加任何的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.
A. already和yet區(qū)別:
I have already?finished my homework.
already用在_______，位于_______。 “已經(jīng)”
【答案】肯定句的中間、 助動(dòng)詞之后實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前
Have you finished your homework yet? ???
?????????????????yet用在_______和________中，位于_______。“仍然，還，已經(jīng)”
????????????????【答案】?否定句和疑問(wèn)句中 ?位于句末
B.for 與since區(qū)別: ??for +時(shí)間段 ??????since+ 時(shí)間點(diǎn)
??????I have lived in Changchun __________ two years.
【答案】for
??????I have been here__________7 o'clock.?
【答案】 since
用since和for填空
1. ______ two years ???2._______ two years ago ???3. _______ last month
4.______ ?1999 ???5._______ ?yesterday ???6. _______ 4 o’clock
7. ______ 4 hours ????8._______ an hour ????9. _______ we were children
【答案】 1.for 2.since 3.since 4.since 5.since 6.since 7.for 8.for 9.since
三. have been in, ?have been to 與 ?have gone to 的用法區(qū)別
（一）.have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間”，常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如：since, for, how long 等。例如：
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.
此外還有這些搭配： have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm
have been here (there) / abroad
（二）.have(has)been to表示“曾經(jīng)去過(guò)某地”，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那里了?？膳cjust, ever, never等連用，例如：
I have just been to the post office.。
Mary has never been to the Great Wall.
Have you ever been to Hangzhou?
have(has) been to 后面可接次數(shù)，表示去過(guò)某地幾次。例如：
I have been to Beijing three times.
They have been to that village several times.
（三）.have(has) gone to意為“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中?？傊?，說(shuō)話時(shí)該人不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，一般不用第一、第二人稱代詞作句子的主語(yǔ)。
???????例如：----Where is Tom? ----He has gone to the bookshop.
?????????????Jack Johnson has gone to London.
四.注意
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中，非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與for和since引導(dǎo)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，通常是用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)代替。（就是說(shuō)：有for或since 的句子里， 一定不能是非延續(xù)性代詞，必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）。例如：
borrow → keep,???buy → have,????begin/start → be on, ?die → be dead,????join → be in/be a?member of-，come/arrive → be here/in, ?come/get back → be back,?????go/leave → be away(from),???marry → be married(to）
練 ?習(xí)
1) The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ?____ for ____ ____.
2) I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ ?_________ a pen for ________ __________.
3) He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ ?_________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
4)He came back two years ago.
He _________ ?________ _________ for __________ __________.
【答案】1.has been on;two minutes ?2 .have had,two hours ?3.has been away from ?4.has been here；two years
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