英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動(dòng)語態(tài)（The Active Voice）和被動(dòng)語態(tài)（The Passive Voice）。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，例如：
Many people?speak?English . ?(主動(dòng)語態(tài))
English?is spoken?by many people. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))
一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be +及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be 有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)完全一樣。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的肯定式、否定式及疑問式列表如下：
肯 ?定 ?句： 主語+ be+ 過去分詞 +（by…） ???????eg. He is often asked to do this work (by his boss).
否 ?定 ?句：主語+ be not +過去分詞 +（by…） ???????eg. I am not invited to the party (by him).
一般疑問句：Be + 主語+過去分詞+ （by…）？ ???????eg. Are your clothes washed by yourself?
特殊疑問句：疑問詞+ be+主語 +過去分詞+ （by…）？ eg. What is this sweater made of?
現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞give為例，其被動(dòng)語態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)如下：
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???????????????式
???時(shí)
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一 ?般
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進(jìn) ?行
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完 ?成
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現(xiàn)在
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Am / is /are + given
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Am/is/are +being + given
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Have / has +been +given
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過去
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Was / were + given
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Was / were + being + given
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Had +been + given
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將來
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Shall/ will + given
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Shall / will +be + given
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Should /would + be + given
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含情態(tài)詞的
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Can / may /must +be +given
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二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法。
1、當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者指需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：
The cotton is grown in that farm.。
2、我們關(guān)心動(dòng)作的承受者但也關(guān)心動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：
Nahan was written by Lu Xun.。
3、表示科學(xué)性及客觀性，在新聞報(bào)道和科技文章中用得較多。例如：
Many of the stars cannot be seen because they are too far away.It was reported that the scientists were searching for new ways to solve the problems.常見的句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下：It is （was）agreed（believed/decided/hoped/thought......）that......大家同意（相信、決定、希望、認(rèn)為）......
It is（was） well known that......眾所周知
It is（was ）taken for granted that......被視為當(dāng)然
It must be remembered that......務(wù)必記住......
It mustn’t be forgotten that......千萬別忘記......
It is（was） said（reported，heard，told，suggested）that......據(jù)說（報(bào)道、聽說、告知、建議......）
三、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
英語中有主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)之分，并都以特定的形式出現(xiàn)。然而并非所有的主動(dòng)句式都表示主動(dòng)意義，有些句子形式是主動(dòng)的，而意義卻是被動(dòng)的。就其在英語中的具體運(yùn)用，從以下幾個(gè)方面加以歸納。
1、一些表示感覺、感官的連系動(dòng)詞如：feel，sound，taste，look等后面接形容詞作表語，形式上是主動(dòng)的，?意思上表示被動(dòng)。例如：
The mixture tasted terrible.。
She sound nice. She has a beautiful voice.Your father looks very angry. What's the matter? 2、有少數(shù)及物動(dòng)詞（do, owe欠?，cook, print, build）等，常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意思。例如：
The meat is cooking. 。
The book is printing.。
3、一些表達(dá)事物行為、方式的動(dòng)詞如：wash, sell, write, say, open等，習(xí)慣以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的含義。因?yàn)檫@樣使用更簡潔，更符合英美人的習(xí)慣，尤其在口語中。例如：
The shop was quite new, for it had opened only the week before.This kind of cloth washes very well。
The door opened and in came Mr. White.。
The book sells well.
4、表示“發(fā)生，進(jìn)行”之類不及物動(dòng)詞如：happen，last，take place， break out，go on， go by， move on等，以主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義。例如：
You'd better wait and see what happens to him.Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor.
?Will the weather last long?
But many months went by and no one visited the island.
?5、有些“系動(dòng)詞+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，意思上也接近被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
He got wounded in a battle.他在一次戰(zhàn)斗中負(fù)傷。?
Many countries became liberated in the following months.接下來的數(shù)月中，許多國家獲得解放。
6、be + 副詞或介詞短語，如be on， be on show， be on sale， be in（out of） sight， be under discussion等，這類副詞或介詞短語往往具有動(dòng)詞含義，相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語態(tài)表達(dá)的意義。例如：
Summer wear is on sale.（=Summer wear is being sold.）
The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema.（=The film had been show when I got to the cinema.）The two canoes were almost out of sight.(=The two canoes could hardly been seen any more.)。
7、不定式作后置定語的結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)作定語用的不定式除了被修飾的詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系外，還與句子的主語或賓語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，不定式須用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例如：
Is there anything to say?
We have a lot of things to do
注意：若不定式與句子主語或賓語不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，只與所修飾的詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，即只有動(dòng)作的承受者，沒有動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，不定式應(yīng)用被動(dòng)式。例如：
He has something to be told to you.
Have you anything to ?be taken to him
8、be+形容詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。此結(jié)構(gòu)的不定式與主語之間有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因而不定式須用及物動(dòng)詞或相當(dāng)與及物動(dòng)詞的短語動(dòng)詞。因而此結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞大多數(shù)表示說話人對(duì)不定式動(dòng)作的看法態(tài)度或感受等。如difficult, easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, fit,等或表示主語人或物所具有的特征，如?：nice，light，strong，beautiful，heavy等。形式上是主動(dòng)的，意思上卻是被動(dòng)的。例如：
This text is very difficult to understand. The water is not fit to drink.
The man is very easy to get along with. ?The room is comfortable to live in.
9、當(dāng)表示“需要”含義的動(dòng)詞如：need, require, want等作謂語，其主語為物時(shí)，這類動(dòng)詞后面的動(dòng)名詞要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意思。例如：
The house needs cleaning.(or: The house needs to be cleaned.)
My hair requires cutting.(or: My hair requires to be cut.)
10、worth用作形容詞時(shí)，作表語，后面一般接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的意思。例如：
This book is well worth reading.
11、be+形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)。這類形容詞如：invisible， forgettable，comfortable等具有動(dòng)詞含義的特點(diǎn)。因而常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例如：
Names and addresses are forgettable.(=Names and addresses are forgotten easily.)
?12、there be句型中修飾主語的不定式，可用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義。例如：
There is nothing to do .(=I have nothing to do.) ?There are questions to solve.(= We have questions to solve.)
13、be +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。這類結(jié)構(gòu)如be to blame， to be let， be to seek等，具有的特點(diǎn)是作表語的不定式與句子的主語有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因而以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例如：
The house is to let.此房子要出租。
I felt I was to blame.我覺得我應(yīng)該受罰。
A better way is (yet) to seek.還得找一種更好的辦法。
14、某些固定詞組和句型，用主動(dòng)形式卻表示被動(dòng)意義。如add up (to), take place; catch on ( a nail. etc.), turn out (to be), blow open, consist of, come out sth., remains to do sth. be to blame.等。例如：
His whole schooling added up to no more than a year.
Sorry, I can't go with you. Much work remains to do.
四、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法
1） ?My aunt?invited???me ??to her dinner party.
??????主語 ??謂語 ?賓語
→ ??I ??was invited??(by?my aunt?) to her dinner party.
?????主語 ?謂語 ???????賓語
2） The school?set up?a special class to help poor readers. ?
?? ?主語 ???謂語 ?????賓語
→ ?A special class to help poor readers?was set up?in the school. ?
?? 主語 ?? ??謂語 ????賓語
1.把主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語。
2.把主動(dòng)語態(tài)的謂語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的be + 過去分詞，時(shí)態(tài)要與原句保持一致。
3.把主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by 的賓語，放在被動(dòng)語態(tài)里謂語動(dòng)詞之后，by 短語可以省略。如果原句主語是地點(diǎn)名詞，在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中用in + 地點(diǎn)名詞作狀語。
五．語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)要注意的問題
1. 把主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。
We have bought a new computer. →A new computer has been bought. ?
2. 含有雙賓語的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語為主語時(shí)比較多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. ?→I was given a present on my birthday. ?
如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意：一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。
The cup with mixture was showed to the class. ?My bike was lent to her.
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