【知識清單】 ?????????
?特殊句式---感嘆句
知識梳理:提綱挈領(lǐng),抓住重點和難點!
?感嘆句是表達(dá)喜、怒、哀、樂以及驚奇、驚訝等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子。感嘆句通常由 what 或 how 引導(dǎo)。"what"和"how"與所修飾的詞置于句首,其它部分用陳述句語序。
?一、 由"what"引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:"what"意為"多么"用作定語,修飾名詞(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分),單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞a/an,復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前不用冠詞。
如: ?①?What a clever girl?she is! 多么聰明的姑娘呀!
????????= What a clever girl!
??????②?What an interesting story it is! 多么有趣的故事呀!
????????= What an interesting story!
??????③?What good children they are! 他們是多么好的孩子呀!
????????= What good children!
??????④?What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花呀!
????????= What beautiful flowers !
??????⑤?What delicious food it is!?多么有味的食物呀!
????????= What delicious food!
??????⑥?What heavy snow it is! 多么大的雪呀!
????????= What heavy snow!
?二、由"how"引導(dǎo)的感嘆句:"how"意為"多么",用作狀語,修飾形容詞、副詞或動詞(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分)。如果修飾形容詞,則句中的謂語動詞用系動詞;如果how修飾副詞,則句中的謂語動詞用行為動詞,
?如: ①?How cold it is today! 今天多么冷呀!
??????②?How nice the pictures are! 多么漂亮的圖畫呀!
??????③?How happy they look! 他們顯得多么高興呀!
??????④?How well she sings! 她唱得多好呀!
??????⑤?How hard they are working now! 他們干得多么起勁呀!
?三、在表示同一意義時,英語感嘆既可用"what"引導(dǎo),也可用"how"引導(dǎo)。
?如: ①?What a hot day it is! ????????????= What a hot day!
???????= How hot the day is !
??????②?What tall buildings they are! ????= What tall buildings!
????????=How tall the buildings are!
??????③?What bad weather it is! ??????????=What bad weather!
???????= How bad the weather is!
??????④?What bright sunshine it is! ??????=What bright sunshine!
???????= How bright the sunshine is!
【知 識 清 單】
特殊句式---特殊疑問句
一、特殊疑問句和選擇疑問句
1.特殊疑問句
用特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的疑問句叫特殊疑問句。回答時不能使用yes或no。特殊疑問詞包括疑問代詞、疑問副詞和疑問詞組。
what 疑問詞小結(jié):
what
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what class 哪個班
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what grade 哪個年級
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what day 星期幾
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what time 幾點
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what color 什么顏色
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what language什么語言
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how 疑問詞小結(jié):
how 怎樣
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how long多長時間(提問時間段)
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how often多久一次(對頻率提問)
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how soon多久以后(對in短語提問)
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how many多少(提問可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量)
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how much多少(提問不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量,也可提問價格)
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how far多遠(yuǎn)(提問距離)
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how heavy多重
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how wide多寬
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how tall/high多高
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how old多大(提問年齡)
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(3)?其他以“w”開頭的疑問詞小結(jié):
when什么時候;
where哪里;
which哪一個;
who誰
whose誰的;
why為什么
選擇疑問句
提出兩種或兩種以上的情況,要求對方選擇一種情況回答的問句叫選擇疑問句。選擇疑問句中的兩種或種以上的情況用or連接,回答時不能使用yes或no,而要用一個完整的句子或其省略形式。選擇疑問句可以分為一般選擇疑問句和特殊選擇疑問句兩種。
(1)一般選擇疑問句:一般疑問句+or+被選擇音分?如:
-Do you like apples or pears?你喜歡蘋果還是梨?
-I like pears.我喜歡梨。
(2)特殊選擇疑問句:特殊疑問句,A or B?如:
-Which would you like better,tea or coffee?
-I like coffee better.
——你比較喜歡哪種,茶還是咖啡?
——我更喜歡咖啡。
特殊句式--反意疑問句
反意疑問句是附在陳述句之后,對陳述句所說的事實或觀點提出疑問的句子。反意疑問部分要與前面的陳述部分用逗號隔開,句末用問號。如果陳述部分是肯定結(jié)構(gòu),反意疑問部分就用否定結(jié)構(gòu),反之亦然。此問句可用yes或no來回答。反意疑問部分的主語要用代詞,并與陳述部分主語一致,謂語動詞在人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)上也要與陳述部分一致。
?注意一、反義疑問句是疑問句的一種,它對陳述部分的事實提出相反的疑問,形式上是一個省略問句,附加在陳述句后,即:?陳述句?+?逗號?+?省略問句?+?問號?
You?are?from?America,?aren’t?you??
注意二、遵循前否定后肯定或前肯定后否定的原則 ???Jim?isn’t?in?Class?Four,?is?he??
注意三、附加疑問句必須前后兩句主語相同?
Mr?Zhang?has?been?here?for?four?years,?hasn’t?he??
注意四、附加疑問句部分與主語不一致的若干情況如下(需牢記)?
1.?this?或that改it,無論是否指人?
This?is?your?brother,?isn’t?it??
2.?these或those改they?
??Those?are?books?,aren’t?they??
3.?不定代詞one改one或he?
??One?can’t?be?always?young,?can? /?he??
4.?something、anything、everything和nothing改it?
??Nothing?is?serious,?is?it??(注意為什么后面用is?it而不是isn’t?it?)?
??Everything?seems?all?right,?doesn’t?it??
5.?everybody、everyone、somebody、someone、anybody、anyone、nobody改they或he(任選,但選定后注意單復(fù)數(shù)形式)??Everyone?knows?this,?don’t?they?/?doesn’t?he??
??Nobody?likes?to?lose?money,?does?he??
?6.each?of改he或they?
??Each?of?the?boys?had?an?apple,?didn’t?he?/?they??
7.?no?one,?none,?neither,?either改they?或he?
??No?one?came,?did?they??
8.?some?of…、none?of?…改it、they或you(聯(lián)系上下文或句子)?
??None?of?the?food?was?delicious,?was?it??
??Some?of?the?dustmen?have?come?back,?haven’t?they??
9.?由neither…nor…、not?only…but?also、both…and…、either…or…、not…but…、…or…、…and…等連接的并列主語,改復(fù)數(shù)代詞?
??Neither?you?nor?I?am?wrong,?are?we??
??Both?Tom?and?Jack?came,?didn’t?they??
10.?由動詞不定式、動名詞、從句或詞組構(gòu)成的主語,改it?
??To?learn?English?well?isn’t?easy,?is?it??
??Swimming?is?great?fun,?isn’t?it??
11.?the?+?形容詞表示一類人,改復(fù)數(shù)代詞?
??The?poor?had?no?right?(權(quán)力)?to?speak?at?the?time,?did?they??
12.?there?引起的句子(There?be句型等),仍用there?
??There?stands?a?house?and?a?lot?of?trees,?doesn’t?there??
??There?are?many?children?in?the?park,?aren’t?there??
注意五、附加疑問句部分與謂語不一致的若干情況如下(需牢記)(初中階段14點18點和19點可以常識性了解)?
1.?have?(有)改have或do?
Mary?has?two?brothers,?doesn’t?she?/?hasn’t?she??
2.?have?(有)必須與陳述部分一致
He?hasn’t?a?lot?of?time,?has?he??
Miss?Green?doesn’t?have?any?money?in?her?pocket,?does?she??
3.?have不做“有”解釋,必須用do?
They?all?have?a?good?time,?don’t?they??
4.?have?to用do或have?
We?have?to?get?up?early,?don’t?we?/?haven’t?we??
5.?have?got?to用have?
We?have?got?to?answer?all?the?questions,?haven’t?we??
6.?had?better用should或had?
We?had?better?go?right?now,?shouldn’t?we?/?hadn’t?we??
7.?can’t(不可能,表示推測)根據(jù)can’t或的動詞選擇相應(yīng)的形式?
He?can’t?be?a?doctor,?is?he??
The?workers?can’t?have?finished?their?work,?have?they??
8.?may?用may?+?主語?+?not?(英語中不用mayn’t)?
They?may?be?here?next?week,?may?they?not??
9.?must(必須)用needn’t?
You?must?do?it?today,?needn’t?you??
10.?must(應(yīng)該)用mustn’t? ?I?must?study?hard,?mustn’t?I??
11.?mustn’t用must或may?
You?mustn’t?talk?like?that,?must?you??
We?mustn’t?stay?here?any?longer,?must?we??
12.?“must?be”對現(xiàn)在情況進(jìn)行推測作一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的附加疑問句進(jìn)行處理?
?2?反義疑問句?
He?must?be?happy,?isn’t?he??
He?must?be?working?hard?at?the?office,?isn’t?he??
must表示推測時,也有用mustn’t的?
He?must?have?been?working?very?hard,?mustn’t?he??
You?must?have?told?Mr?Wang?the?secret,?mustn’t?you??
13.?“must?+?完成時”表示對過去情況的推測,作一般過去時附加疑問句處理?
He?must?have?come?yesterday,?didn’t?he??
You?must?have?seen?the?play?last?week,?didn’t?you??
14.?“must?+?完成時”用來推測過去的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在按現(xiàn)在完成時的附加疑問句來處理?
??You?must?have?studied?English?for?years,?haven’t?you??
??He?must?have?lived?here?for?at?least?ten?years,?hasn’t?he??
14.?實義動詞need和dear用do?
He?needs?help,?doesn’t?he??
I?have?never?dared?to?ask?him,?have?I??
15.?情態(tài)動詞need和dear用need和dear?
He?dare?not?say?so,?dare?he??
We?need?not?do?it?again,?need?we??
16.?needn’t?用need或must?
You?needn’t?go?yet,?need?you??
He?needn’t?do?that,?must?he??
17.?“?would?rather?+?動詞原形”和“would?like?to?+?動詞原形”用wouldn’t?
??He?would?rather?read?the?text?ten?times?than?recite?it,?wouldn’t?he??
??You’d?like?to?have?some?bananas,?wouldn’t?you??
18.?“ought?to?+?動詞原形”用oughtn’t?或shouldn’t?
The?child?ought?to?be?punished,?oughtn’t?he??
We?ought?to?go?there,?shouldn’t?we??
19.?“used?to?+?動詞原形”?用“didn’t?+?主語”或“usedn’t?+?主語”或“used?+?主語?+?not”?
He?used?to?live?in?London,?usedn’t?he?/?didn’t?he??
He?used?to?play?football?when?he?was?a?child?,?used?he?not??
注意六、句子中有seldom,?hardly,?no,?not,?never,?few,?little,?nothing,?nobody,?nowhere等是否定句,附加疑問部分必須采用肯定形式?
??Nobody?phoned?while?I?was?out,?did?they??
??He?is?hardly?able?to?swim,?is?he??
??There?is?little?ink?in?your?pen,?is?there??
no?one,?nobody,?none,?nothing,?neither等作動詞的賓語時,附加疑問部分一般采用肯定形式(也偶爾用否定形式)?
??He?has?nothing?to?say,?does(n’t)?he??
??You?got?nothing?from?him,?did(n’t)?you??
注意七、一些特殊句型的附加疑問句?
1.?I?am…改aren’t?I?
??I?am?your?friend,?aren’t?I??
2.?I?wish?to?do?sth或I?wish?I?…改may?I?
??I?wish?to?go?home,?may?I??
??I?wish?I?were?you,?may?I??
3.?主從復(fù)合句,與主句的主謂語保持一致?
??He?says?that?I?did?it,?doesn’t?he??
??David?wouldn’t?go?there?if?it?rained,?would?he??
4.?并列句,與鄰近的分句保持一致?
??Mary?is?a?nice?girl,?but?she?had?one?short-coming,?hadn’t?she??
5.?表示邀請,請求的祈使句,附加疑問部分用will?you或won’t?you或would?you等,一般只要記住will?you就可以了,不遵循前否定后肯定或前肯定后否定的原則?
??Come?here,?will?you??
??Turn?off?the?light,?will?you??
??Do?sit?down,?will?you??
6.?表示告訴別人做某事的祈使句,用will?you、can?you、would?you或can’t?you、won’t?you?
??Stop?talking,?can?you??
??Write?down?the?new?words,?will?you?/?won’t?you??
7.?否定的祈使句用will?you或can?you?
??Don’t?make?a?noise,?will?/?can?you??
8.?Let?me?…用will?you?或may?I?
??Let?me?help?you,?may?I??
??Let?me?do?it,?will?you??
9.?Let’s?…表示建議包括聽話人在內(nèi),用shall?we? ??Let’s?go?for?a?walk,?shall?we??
10.?let?us?…表示允許,不包括聽話人在內(nèi),用will?you ?????Let?us?do?it?by?ourselves,?will?you??
11.?Let接第三人稱賓語時用will?you?
??Let?him?come?in,?will?you??
12.?Let’s?not?…?用OK或all?right?
??Let’s?not?go?to?the?party,?OK?/?all?right??
13.?感嘆句用一般現(xiàn)在時be的形式(故事中用一般過去時be的形式)?
??What?fine?weather,?isn’t?it??? ??How?clever?the?boy?is,?isn’t?he??
特殊句式---祈使句
祈使句的肯定句式一般分為以下三種類型:
1.行為動詞原形+其它成分。例如:
Make sentences after the model.根據(jù)例句造句。
2. Be動詞+其它成分(形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等)。例如:
Be careful when crossing the street.過馬路時要小心。
3. Let+賓語+動詞原形+其它成分。例如:
Let him go back now.讓他現(xiàn)在回去吧
祈使句的否定句式
祈使句的否定句式,通常情況下在句首加上Don’t或Never,一般分為以下三種類型:
1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t,構(gòu)成Don’t+行為動詞原形+其它成分。例如:
Don’t say that again!別再那樣說了!
2.在Be動詞引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t,構(gòu)成Don’t be+其它成分(形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等)。例如:Don’t be careless.不要粗心。
注意:在這種句型中be不能省略;否定副詞not不可置于be之后。
3.在公共場合的提示語中,否定祈使句常用No+名詞/V-ing形式結(jié)構(gòu),表示禁止做某事。例如:
NO PHOTOS!禁止拍照!
祈使句的回答
祈使句的動作通常是表示將來發(fā)生的動作,所以回答祈使句時,一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意義的祈使句時,要注意兩點:一是形式一致,即Yes與will保持一致;No與won’t保持一致。二是意思相反,即Yes是不的意思;No是“是”的意思。在回答時,要注意分析上下文語境中所提供的條件
祈使句的回答
??祈使句的動作通常是表示將來發(fā)生的動作,所以回答祈使句時,一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意義的祈使句時,要注意兩點:一是形式一致,即Yes與will保持一致;No與won’t保持一致。二是意思相反,即Yes是不的意思;No是“是”的意思。在回答時,要注意分析上下文語境中所提供的條件。
--- Don’t go out, please. It’s raining heavily outside.
請不要出去。外面雨下得很大。
---- Yes, I will. I have to meet my brother at the airport.
不行,我得去機(jī)場接我弟弟。
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